Panel a. hG-CSF cDNA/mRNA expression in PC-12 cells. We transfected Cy3-sODN-AS-hG-CSF to detect hG-CSF mRNA in cells transfected with pCMV-hG-CSF; we observed signal in the nucleus (arrowhead) and peri-nucleus (arrow). Panel b. Few Cy3-sODN-AS-hG-CSF (arrow) retention in the cells transfected with pCMV-GFP. Panel c. Validation of hG-CSF mRNA expression from transfected PC-12 cells (pCMV-hG-CSF [lanes 1–3] or pCMV-GFP [lanes 4–6] at 3 (lanes1, 4), 6 (Lanes 2, 5) or 8 (lanes 3, 6) hours after transfection. Isolated RNA was treated with DNase before reverse transcription. Panel d. Living cells with GFP expression (Z-stack photograph, cellSens, time-lapse optical microscopy, Olympus IX83) >3 hours after transfection with pCMV-GFP. Panel e. Stable pCMV-GFP DNA in vivo for 72 hours. We isolated total DNA from PC-12 at 72 hours (Panel d); we then transfected PC-12 again and detected GFP expression at 24 hours after transfection. GFP is in the cytoplasm but there is no nuclear GFP (arrow).