Table 2.
Pre-and Post-Training Performance of Study Groups
| Rehearsal (n
= 19) |
No-strategy-instruction
(n = 19) |
Control (n =
20) |
||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-training | Post-training | Pre-training | Post-training | Pre-training | Post-training | |||||||||||||
| Measures | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis | Mean (SD) |
Skewness | Kurtosis |
| Listening Recall | 7.05 (3.46) |
.41 | .37 | 9.00 (3.30) |
−.08 | .40 | 6.37 (3.39) |
.32 | −.22 | 7.79 (2.76) |
.51 | −.69 | 6.60 (3.32) |
.51 | −.98 | 7.60 (3.10) |
.65 | −.16 |
| Counting Recall | 12.37 (3.98) |
−.01 | −.77 | 14.84 (3.44) |
−.47 | 1.44 | 12.26 (3.91) |
−.26 | −.64 | 15.58 (3.99) |
1.12 | 1.16 | 13.10 (4.98) |
.54 | 1.22 | 14.20 (4.88) |
−.47 | .22 |
| Articulation-word rate | 5.16 (1.17) |
−.26 | −.96 | 6.02 (1.21) |
−.18 | −1.41 | 4.66 (.98) |
.36 | −.21 | 5.68 (1.11) |
−.35 | .20 | 5.21 (1.19) |
.29 | −.09 | 5.90 (1.05) |
.52 | .42 |
| Articulation-number rate | 6.72 (1.72) |
−.32 | −1.24 | 8.14 (1.40) |
−.32 | −.76 | 6.65 (1.07) |
−.67 | −.69 | 7.47 (1.19) |
−.97 | 1.33 | 6.83 (1.51) |
−.72 | −.37 | 7.58 (1.39) |
.10 | −.91 |
| Digit Recall | 24.05 (4.59) |
1.37 | 4.04 | 23.16 (4.27) |
.16 | .05 | 23.11 (3.76) |
−.03 | −.70 | 22.68 (3.15) |
1.08 | 3.64 | 23.95 (3.50) |
−.62 | .36 | 23.90 (3.57) |
−.08 | −.93 |
| Block Recall | 19.00 (4.82) |
−.24 | .46 | 18.79 (4.93) |
−.12 | 1.12 | 18.00 (3.51) |
−.49 | .37 | 18.79 (4.78) |
.06 | .20 | 20.45 (4.27) |
−.09 | −.91 | 19.95 (4.47) |
.09 | −.56 |
| QRI-Retell | 10.95 (7.18) |
.58 | −.58 | 14.63 (7.44) |
.23 | .58 | 10.79 (5.72) |
.13 | −.37 | 11.11 (6.44) |
.46 | 1.20 | 11.68 (7.34) |
1.07 | 1.27 | 11.50 (4.56) |
.12 | −.35 |
| QRI-Passage
Listening Comprehension |
4.26 (1.37) |
−.53 | .06 | 3.95 (1.54) |
−.81 | .96 | 4.26 (1.24) |
−.37 | −.65 | 3.63 (1.74) |
−.35 | −.58 | 4.40 (1.39) |
−.29 | −1.12 | 3.40 (1.14) |
.51 | −.19 |
Note. Listening Recall is adapted from the Listening Recall from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001); Counting Recall is adapted from the Counting Recall from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001); Articulation-word rate is the word rehearsal speed adapted from Kail (1997); Articulation-word rate is number rehearsal speed adapted from Kail (1997); Digit Recall is adapted from the Digit Recall from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001); Block Recall is from the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (Pickering & Gathercole, 2001); QRI-Retell is the retell score from the Qualitative Reading Inventory (Leslie & Caldwell, 2001); QRI-Passage Listening Comprehension is the comprehension score from the Qualitative Reading Inventory (Leslie & Caldwell, 2001), and two different passages from the same level were used in pre- and post-testing, respectively.