Table 3.

Fixed and Random Effects for Group Comparisons with Uncorrected p Values

	Fixed Effects												Random Effects
	Rehearsal vs. Control				No-strategy-instruction vs. Control				Rehearsal vs. No-strategy-instruction
Measures	Coefficient	p	SE	ES	Coefficient	p	SE	ES	Coefficient	p	SE	ES	School level variance	Student level residual variance	χ2	BIC
Listening Recall	1.50	.03	.67	.47	.49	.47	.67	.17	1.01	.14	.67	.33	1.15	4.15	26.14*	262.48
Counting Recall	.95	.45	1.25	.22	1.6	.17	1.26	.36	−.81	.52	1.26	−.22	1.34	14.99	17.24	327.21
Articulation-word rate	.21	.47	.29	.19	.13	.65	.29	.12	.07	.80	.29	.06	.14	.79	22.18*	167.74
Articulation-number rate	.63	.06	.33	.45	.03	.94	.33	.02	.60+	.08	.33	.46	.09	1.02	15.57	179.91
Digit Recall	−.82	.29	.76	−.20	−.57	.46	.77	−.17	−.25	.75	.77	−.07	.33	5.60	13.31	272.66
Block Recall	0	.99	1.08	0	.78	.48	1.08	.17	−.79	.47	1.09	−.16	.01	11.17	10.09	307.52
QRI-Retell	3.96	.04	1.81	.65	.98	.61	1.89	.16	2.99	.11	1.84	.43	.02	30.93	9.17	357.77
QRI-Passage Listening Comprehension	.85	.03	.38	.63	.95	.02	.40	.65	−.10	.80	.39	−.06	.14	1.34	17.61	196.75

Note. Coefficients = Unstandardized coefficients in HLM models, the mean difference between study groups adjusted for level-1 covariates; SE = Standard Errors of the coefficient, ES = Effect Size (Hedges g). BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.

All coefficients in HLM models became non-significant after application of the Benjamini–Hochberg correction of p values for multiple comparisons (i.e., p < .01).

^*p < .05,

⁺p < .08.