TABLE 1.
Methods of Dosing Rodent Lower Respiratory Tract with Particles
| Method | Anesthesia | Depos. all Reg. Resp. Tr. |
Evenness of Deposition |
Physiol. Mode |
Dose Rate |
Use for Toxicity Ranking |
Use for Quant. Risk Assessm. |
NP Pre- treatment to avoid Agglomer |
Repeat/ Long-term Exposures |
Animal Stress at daily Exposure |
Special Expertise/ Equipment Required |
Costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bolus Type | ||||||||||||
| Intranasal instillation A | yes | yes | good to poor | no | high | yes | no | yes | limited | high | no | low |
| Intratrach instillations A | yes | No | good to poor | no | high | yes | no | yes | limited | high | no | low |
| Orophar. aspiration B | yes | no | good to poor | no | high | yes | no | yes | limited | high | no | low |
| Inhalation C | ||||||||||||
| whole body | no | yes | excell. | yes | low | yes | yes | no D | yes | low | yes | high |
| nose only | no | yes | excell. | yes | low | yes | yes | no D | yes | med | yes | high |
A - synchronize with inspiration; B - caveat: significant inflammation in rats; C - requires larger amounts of material: D- most aerosolization methods result in significant, yet realistic, agglomeration of NPs.