Table 2.
Isolated Anotia/Microtia Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Mothers Stratified by Selected Sociodemographic and Acculturation Factors Relative to Non-Hispanic White Parents, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2007a.
| Non-Hispanic White | Hispanic US-Born | Hispanic Foreign-Born | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/controls | Ref | Cases/controls | aOR (95%CI)e | Cases/controls | aOR (95%CI)e | |
| Totalb | 119/4971 | 61/821 | 132/1086 | |||
| Maternal Age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 25/1260 | 1.0 | 45/439 | 4.45 (2.24–8.83) | 31/308 | 5.60 (2.77–11.32) |
| 25–29 | 29/1347 | 1.0 | 9/208 | 2.62 (1.05–6.54) | 29/247 | 6.46 (3.13–13.35) |
| 30–34 | 34/1435 | 1.0 | 6/119 | 1.03 (0.35–3.05) | 22/167 | 1.83 (0.73–4.54) |
| 35+ | 27/828 | 1.0 | 1/42 | * | 16/79 | 4.38 (1.60–11.96) |
| Maternal Education (years) | ||||||
| <12 | 5/328 | 1.0 | 16/248 | 4.36 (1.34–14.20) | 52/387 | 8.28 (2.64–25.95) |
| 12 | 29/1052 | 1.0 | 17/245 | 2.35 (1.06–5.24) | 22/224 | 4.03 (1.94–8.38) |
| >12 | 81/3490 | 1.0 | 28/315 | 2.54 (1.42–4.53) | 24/190 | 3.98 (2.29–6.91) |
| Household Income ($) | ||||||
| <10,000 | 12/402 | 1.0 | 18/260 | 1.81 (0.66–4.94) | 28/265 | 2.83 (1.07–7.52) |
| 10,000–19,999 | 14/402 | 1.0 | 12/153 | 1.87 (0.68–5.16) | 29/201 | 3.35 (1.37–8.21) |
| 20,000–39,999 | 33/1149 | 1.0 | 13/178 | 2.34 (1.00–5.44) | 22/149 | 5.06 (2.37–10.80) |
| 40,000+ | 53/2542 | 1.0 | 9/133 | 2.32 (0.97–5.60) | 6/75 | 3.21 (1.25–8.25) |
| Infant Sex | ||||||
| Female | 41/2423 | 1.0 | 28/382 | 2.94 (1.54–5.60) | 42/398 | 5.07 (2.85–9.02) |
| Male | 74/2444 | 1.0 | 33/424 | 2.36 (1.35–4.14) | 56/402 | 4.35 (2.62–7.21) |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 3/255 | 1.0 | 6/37 | * | 4/50 | * |
| Normal weight (18.5≤-24.9) | 74/2848 | 1.0 | 32/398 | 2.75 (1.56–4.85) | 42/406 | 3.69 (2.22–6.13) |
| Overweight (25≤-29.9) | 19/1029 | 1.0 | 12/205 | 1.82 (0.71–4.65) | 31/226 | 5.17 (2.25–11.92) |
| Obese (30+) | 19/738 | 1.0 | 11/168 | 2.98 (1.08–8.20) | 21/119 | 8.27 (3.25–21.01) |
| Gestational Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | 6/268 | 1.0 | 5/57 | * | 14/88 | 7.98 (1.64–38.89) |
| No | 109/4602 | 1.0 | 56/751 | 2.44 (1.57–3.77) | 84/713 | 4.43 (3.00–6.54) |
| Folic Acid Intake (B3P1)c | ||||||
| Yes | 68/3098 | 1.0 | 18/258 | 2.34 (1.18–4.66) | 21/250 | 3.38 (1.78–6.41) |
| No | 47/1772 | 1.0 | 43/550 | 2.92 (1.69–5.03) | 77/551 | 5.78 (3.52–9.50) |
| Maternal Smoking (B1P3)d | ||||||
| Yes | 30/1132 | 1.0 | 6/115 | 1.79 (0.58–5.52) | 10/39 | 8.23 (3.15–21.48) |
| No | 85/3738 | 1.0 | 55/693 | 2.74 (1.72–4.35) | 88/762 | 4.46 (2.93–6.79) |
| Alcohol Intake (B1P3)d | ||||||
| Yes | 52/2216 | 1.0 | 22/247 | 2.52 (1.24–5.15) | 16/157 | 3.01 (1.49–6.08) |
| No | 63/2654 | 1.0 | 39/561 | 2.82 (1.66–4.80) | 82/644 | 5.69 (3.58–9.03) |
Subjects diagnosed with pregestational type I/II diabetes excluded.
Totals for individual characteristics may vary due to missing data.
During the period from three months prepregnancy through the first month of pregnancy.
During the period from one month prepregnancy through the third month of pregnancy.
All models adjusted for the following characteristics (unless the factor has been stratified on): maternal prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese), age (<25, 25–29, 30–34, 35+ years), education (<12, 12, 12+ years), folic acid (3 months before to 1 month after conception), gestational diabetes (Yes/No), smoking (1 month before to 3 months after conception), alcohol intake (1 month before to 3 months after conception) and study center.
Estimates not reported due to instability in the measure of association.
Note: Estimates for family history and study center not shown due to sparse data.
aOR=adjusted odds ratios; 95%CIs=95% confidence intervals.