Table 2.

Studies of the effect of different air pollutants on grass pollen grains.

Grass species	Pollutant(s) studied	Concentration range	Duration of exposure	Germination or viability	Total proteins	Protein profiles	IgE recognition	Reference
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	NO2	2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—	↘	[175]
Festuca elatior	NO2	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed	—	[141]
Phleum pratense	O3	30–80 ppb	Plant life	—	—	↘ Phl p 5	—	[176]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	O3	100 ppb	4 h	—	=	—	↘	[175]
Lolium perenne	O3	60 ppb	2 weeks	—	↗	↗ Lol p 5	—	[99]
Lolium perenne	O3	2 outdoor sites		—	—	↗ Lol p 5	—	[99]
Phleum pratense	CO2	400–800 ppm	Plant life	—	—	=	—	[176]
Dactylis glomerata	NO or CO	1–5%	48 h	—	↘	Numerous modifications	—	[155]
Dactylis glomerata	CO	0.01–5%	48 h	—	↘	Changes observed	—	[143]
Festuca elatior	CO	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed	—	[141]
Phleum pratense	SO2	13 mg/m3	18 h	—	—	—	=	[177]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	SO2	2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—	↘	[175]
Festuca elatior	SO2	10,000 ppm	3 min	—	=	Changes observed		[141]
Phleum pratense	Toluene, m-xylene	125 mg/m3	18 h	—	—	↗ Phl p 5	↗	[177]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	O3/NO2	100–2000 ppb	4 h	—	=	—	↘	[175]
Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense	NO2/SO2	2,000 ppb each	4 h	—	=	—	↘	[175]
Lolium perenne	Rural/urban	—	—	—	↗	Different patterns	↗	[56]
Phleum pratense	Atmospheric particulate matter	Not mentioned	4 h	—	↗	=	↗	[136]
Dactylis glomerata	Road traffic			↘	—	—	—	[88]
Dactylis glomerata	Car exhaust	10–60 min	10–300 min	—	↘	=	↘	[149]
Dactylis glomerata	Cigarette smoke	100 HP	1–28 days	—	↘	=	↘	[149]