TABLE 2.
Weighted multi-level Cox regression hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for mortality among Latinos reported with HIV by birth country/region, 2005–2011
| aHR a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| All Latinos | U.S.-born Latino | Puerto Rico | Mexico | Cuba | Central America | South America | Other | |
|
| ||||||||
| Individual-level variables | ||||||||
| Year of HIV diagnosis | ||||||||
| 2005 | 1.49 (1.11–2.01) | 1.32 (0.75–2.39) | 1.07 (0.55–2.12) | 3.72 (0.90–26.00) | 1.55 (0.81–3.08) | 1.45 (0.60–3.65) | 4.25 (1.08–29.23) | 2.35 (0.86–7.13) |
| 2006 | 1.29 (0.95–1.76) | 1.48 (0.85–2.68) | 0.74 (0.36–1.53) | 2.94 (0.72–20.36) | 0.94 (0.45–1.95) | 1.31 (0.53–3.33) | 2.22 (0.48–16.01) | 1.44 (0.50–4.45) |
| 2007 | 1.44 (1.06–1.97) | 1.45 (0.80–2.67) | 0.93 (0.47–1.88) | 4.26 (1.06–29.36) | 1.57 (0.82–3.10) | 1.09 (0.42–2.83) | 1.97 (0.42–14.39) | 2.21 (0.84–6.51) |
| 2008 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Sex at birth | ||||||||
| Male | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) | 1.10 (0.70–1.72) | 0.58 (0.34–0.99) | 8.37 (1.64–156.32) | 1.38 (0.64–3.24) | 1.19 (0.46–3.19) | 2.13 (0.54–9.58) | 0.56 (0.26–1.20) |
| Female | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Age at diagnosis (continuous/ 5 unit increase) | 1.26 (1.22–1.31) | 1.31 (1.23–1.41) | 1.26 (1.13–1.41) | 1.06 (0.89–1.24) | 1.51 (1.38–1.65) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | 1.18 (1.03–1.35) |
| Mode of transmission | ||||||||
| Heterosexual | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| IDU b | 1.94 (1.45–2.59) | 1.32 (0.81–2.14) | 1.78 (1.01–3.16) | N/Ac | 3.06 (1.31–6.82) | N/Ac | 0.99 (0.04–7.44) | 1.44 (0.39–4.20) |
| MSM | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.56 (0.34–0.93) | 1.54 (0.77–3.13) | 0.27 (0.10–0.70) | 1.19 (0.66–2.26) | 2.29 (0.87–6.75) | 0.71 (0.23–2.69) | 0.51 (0.20–1.29) |
| Other/unknown | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | 0.65 (0.36–1.12) | 0.42 (0.14–1.02) | 0.65 (0.25–1.61) | 0.83 (0.34–1.87) | 5.33 (2.12–14.24) | 0.89 (0.21–3.49) | 0.59 (0.24–1.36) |
| HIV-to-AIDS interval | ||||||||
| < 1 month | 2.86 (2.38–3.43) | 2.41 (1.70–3.38) | 2.77 (1.79–4.29) | 2.14 (0.99–4.69) | 3.54 (2.26–5.51) | 4.03 (2.20–7.55) | 3.29 (1.46–7.21) | 2.71 (1.44–5.08) |
| > 1 month | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| ZCTA-level variables | ||||||||
| Percent of population below poverty line (average 2007–2011) (continuous / 5 unit increase) | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 1.21 (1.08–1.34) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 1.18 (1.01–1.37) | 1.39 (1.12–1.70) | 1.07 (0.88–1.28) |
| Percent of population who identified themselves as Hispanic/Latino (ethnic density) | ||||||||
| ≥ 50 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| 25–49 | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 0.88 (0.56–1.39) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | 0.73 (0.19–2.66) | 1.19 (0.72–1.90) | 0.55 (0.23–1.18) | 1.05 (0.42–2.59) | 0.65 (0.28–1.45) |
| <25 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 1.04 (0.70–1.56) | 0.60 (0.37–0.99) | 1.14 (0.39–3.59) | 1.22 (0.50–2.55) | 0.44 (0.17–1.05) | 0.97 (0.38–2.43) | 0.92 (0.44–1.96) |
ZCTA, zip code tabulation area; IDU, injection drug use; MSM, male to male sexual contact; HR, hazard ratio; aHR adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
aHR adjusted for all variables in the column
b
IDU and IDU/MSM categories have been combined to address small cell numbers
c
Estimate not available due to small numbers of Latinos from that country of birth with IDU as a mode of HIV transmission