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. 2015 Jul 28;7(1):28–45. doi: 10.1007/s13238-015-0193-x

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© The Author(s) 2015

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Different acylation and lipid raft association of HA and HEF protein. HAs of influenza A virus contain one stearate attached to a cysteine positioned at the end of the transmembrane region and two palmitates attached to cytoplasmic cysteines. HA of influenza B virus possesses two palmitates attached to cytoplasmic cysteines. HEF of influenza C virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. Whereas HA of influenza A and B virus are associated with membrane rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched nanodomains of the plasma membrane, HEF is thought to localize to the bulk phase of the plasma membrane