Table 1.
Heterogeneity of tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells.
| Adult stem cell source | Stem/progenitor cells | Tissue distribution | Isolation marker | Phenotype of mesenchymal cells of tissue origin | Selected references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow | (Mesenchymal stem cells) | Bone marrow stroma | No specific marker | CD10, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140b, CD146, CD271+, GD2, SSEA-1, and STRO-1 | [2, 8, 15] |
| Pericytes | Sinusoids of the bone marrow | STRO-1+/CD146+ CD271+/CD146+ |
CD10, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD140b, CD146, CD271+, STRO-1, and αSMA | [17–19] | |
|
| |||||
| Liver | Hepatic stellate cell | Perisinusoidal space between sinusoids and hepatocytes | CD271 | CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271, α-SMA, desmin, GFAP, nestin, and N-CAM | [30] |
| Hepatic stem cells | Ductal plates in fetal liver and in canals of Hering in adult livers | EpCAM | CKs 8, 18, and 19, CD29 CD133, CD44, EpCAM, and NCAM (CD56) | [23, 27] | |
| Pericytes in human liver | Periportal blood vessels | CD146 | CD146, NG-2, CD90, CD73, CD105, CD140b, and vimentin | [26] | |
|
| |||||
| Muscle | Satellite cells | Between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of myofibers | Pax7 | CD34, NCAM (CD56), Pax7, and Myf5 | [32, 36] |
| Progenitor cells PICs | Muscle interstitium | PW1+/Pax7− | CD34, PW1+ | [39, 40, 42] | |
| Fibroadipogenic progenitors FAP/MSC | Muscle interstitium adjacent to myofiber associated blood vessels (distinct from muscle pericytes) | PDGFRα | CD34, Sca-1, PDGFRα, and vimentin | [39–41] | |
| Pericytes | Basement membrane of muscle vessels | PDGFRβ | AP, NG-2, CD146, PDGFRβ, and αSMA | [39, 42, 43] | |
|
| |||||
| Skin | Adherent cells (cultured with the presence of serum) | Basal epidermis, dermal papillae, and bulge | CD271/SSEA-4 | CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD271 fibronectin, vimentin and collagen type I | [45, 47, 48] |
| Floating spheres (cultured without serum) | Nestin | CD73, and CD90, CD105, CD271, nestin, fibronectin, and vimentin | [45, 47] | ||
|
| |||||
| Heart | Cardiac progenitors | Within the niche composed of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts | C-kit (CD117) | C-kit (CD117), CD73, CD90, CD34, Sca-1, SSEA-1, VE-cadherin, and Islet-1 | [49, 50, 52, 60] |
GD2: neural ganglioside; NG-2: neuroglial 2 proteoglycan, SSEA-1: stage specific embryonic antigen-1; αSMA: smooth muscle actin alpha; CKs: cytokeratins; AP: alkaline phosphatase; Sca-1: stem cell antigen-1.