Table 3. 1,3-PD production using different substrates by Clostridium.

Substrate	Strain	Fermentation type	Concentration (g/L)	Productivity (g/L·h)	Yield (mol 1,3-PD/mol Glycerol)	Reference
Pure glycerol	C. butyricum VPI 3266	Batch	35.0	0.7	0.65	11
	C. butyricum VPI 3266	Fed-batch	65.0	1.2	0.68	11
	C. butyricum DSM 5431	Fed-batch	47.5	2.4	0.62	28
	C. butyricum DSM 5431 mutant 2/2	Fed-batch	70.4	1.4	0.68	28
	C. acetobutylicum DG1 (pSPD5)	Continuous	31.3	1.6	0.64	13
Crude glycerol	C. butyricum VPI 1718	Fed-batch	67.9	0.8	0.67	35
	C. butyricum F2b	Continuous two-stage	43.5	1.3	0.59	36
	C. acetobutylicum DG1 (pSPD5)	Continuous	29.8	1.5	0.61	13
Pure glycerol and glucose	C. butyricum E5	Batch	6.6	NA	0.81	16
	C. butyricum DSM 5431	Batch	15.5	0.5	0.93	14
	C. butyricum VPI 3266	Continuous	16.4	0.8	0.69	18
	C. diolis DSM 15410	Batch	14.7	1.1	0.86	This study
Pure glycerol and xylose	C. diolis DSM 15410	Batch	13.6	1.0	0.80	This study
Pure glycerol and arabinose	C. diolis DSM 15410	Batch	13.6	1.0	0.79	This study
Pure glycerol and corn stover hydrolysate	C. diolis DSM 15410	Fed-batch	43.5	1.4	0.82	This study
Crude glycerol and corn stover hydrolysate	C. diolis DSM 15410	Fed-batch	42.9	1.4	0.81	This study