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. 2016 Jan 11;6:19092. doi: 10.1038/srep19092

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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The surface morphology (a) before and (b) after it was scanned by the PFM tip with 3325 nN mechanical force. The OP phases image of the same region after it was scanned by the PFM tip with a force of (c) 140 nN, (d) 700 nN, (e) 1050 nN, (f ) 1400 nN, (g) 1750 nN and (h) 3325 nN, where the percent is the ratio of area with downward polarization.