Table 3.
Change in Outcome Measures from Baseline to 6 Months (N=379)
| Outcome Measures* | Baseline | 6-Montha | Mean Difference between Baseline and 6-Month |
P† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum excursion, ‡ % (SD) | 63.69 (18.93) | 70.35 (15.67) | 6.66 (13.43) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Movement control, § % (SD) | 62.14 (22.75) | 69.19 (19.82) | 7.05 (14.08) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Stride length, mean ‖ (SD), cm | 106.12 (19.26) | 112.35 (19.94) | 6.23 (8.04) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Walking velocity, ¶ mean (SD), cm/s | 95.89 (23.52) | 103.93 (23.22) | 8.04 (10.30) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Functional Reach, # mean (SD), cm | 20.26 (6.68) | 23.38 (6.48) | 3.12 (5.0) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Timed Up and Go, ** mean (SD), sec. | 10.03 (4.79) | 8.83 (2.14) | −1.20 (3.85) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Chair-stands, †† mean (SD), sec. | 14.16 (6.56) | 12.93 (6.11) | −1.23 (3.09) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Balance efficacy, mean (SD) §§ | 3.67 (0.67) | 4.0 (0.76) | 0.33 (0.67) | ≤ 0.001 |
Missing values at all follow-ups were substituted by baseline values.
Paired t-tests
A measure of limits of stability that assesses the farthest distance displaced by a participant’s center of gravity while performing leaning/reaching tasks. Values range from 0% to 100%, with higher percentages indicating better balance. This is measured by a Balance Master® System.
A measure of limits of stability in which the amount of movement in the intended direction (toward the target) is compared to the amount of extraneous movement (away from the target), defined by the ratio of (amount of intended movement − amount of extraneous movement)/(amount of intended movement), expressed in percentage accuracy. The scores range from 0% to 100%, with higher percentages indicating better movement control. This is measured by a Balance Master® System.
Measures the distance between the heel points of two consecutive footprints of the same foot with the unit of measure being centimeters. Higher scores indicate greater stride length.
Measured by dividing the distance traveled by the ambulation time, with the unit of measure in centimeters per second. Higher scores indicate greater gait (walking) velocity.
Measures the maximal distance a participant can reach forward beyond arm’s length while maintaining a fixed base of support in a standing position. Higher scores indicate better balance.
Measures the time taken to rise from a chair, walk 10 feet (3 meters), return, and sit down. Lower scores indicate better mobility.
Measures lower-extremity strength by having participants perform 5 repetitions of sit-to-stand as quickly possible. Lower scores indicate better strength.
Modified Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. The scores range from 1 (not confident) to 5 (completely confident) with higher scores indicating higher confidence.