Proposed molecular targets for plant cannabinoids investigated in animal models of seizure
Cannabinoid	Molecular target(s)
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)	CB1R, CB2R, TRPV1, TRPV2
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV)	CB1, CB2, TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4
Cannabidiol (CBD)	ENT, GPR55, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPA1, FAAH, TRPM8, adenosine, 5HT1A
Cannabidavarin (CBDV)	TRPV4, DAGLα
Cannabinol (CBN)	CB1R, TRPV4, TRPA1

Cannabinoid efficacy in animal models of seizure and epilepsy
* indicates a proconvulsant effect
Plant cannabinoid	Model	Efficacy
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)	Generalized seizure (e.g., MES, PTZ, 6Hz, 60Hz, nicotine, and strychnine)	Y
	Temporal lobe epilepsy	Y
Synthetic CB1R agonists (e.g., WIN55–212)	Generalized seizure (MES, PTZ, amygdale kindling)	Y
	Partial seizure with secondary generalization (penicillin and maximal dentate gyrus activation)	Y
	Temporal lobe epilepsy	Y
	Absence epilepsy (WAG/Rij)	Mixed effect
Synthetic CB1R antagonists (e.g., SR141716A)	Generalized seizure (MES and PTZ)	N*
	Absence epilepsy (WAG/Rij)	N
	Partial seizures with secondary generalization (penicillin but not maximal dentate gyrus activation)	N*
	Epileptogenesis (juvenile head trauma but not kainic acid)	Y
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9- THCV)	Generalized seizure	Y
Cannabidiol (CBD)	Generalized seizure (MES, PTZ, 6Hz, 60Hz, picrotoxin, isonicotinic acid, bicuculline, hydrazine, limbic kindling (electrical), and strychnine but not 3-mercaptoproprionic acid)	Y
	Temporal lobe convulsions/status epilepticus	Y
	Partial seizures with secondary generalization (penicillin but not cobalt)	Y
Cannabidavarin (CBDV)	Generalized seizure (MES, PTZ, and audiogenic)	Y
	Temporal lobe convulsions/status epilepticus	Y
	Partial seizures with secondary generalization (penicillin only)	Y
Cannabinol (CBN)	Generalized seizure (MES only)	Y

^*Proconvulsant