. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 11.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010 Oct 22;26(1):3–14. doi: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rv-062

Table 3.

Mechanistic causes of toxicology attrition. Based on experience from DuPont-Merck and Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1993–2006. Information kindly provided by B. D. Car, Bristol-Myers Squibb.

	% of all advanced molecules^a
Biotransformation-related	27
Target-based	28
Single or multiple ion channel inhibition	18
Immune-mediated	7
All other mechanisms	36

n = 88. Because categories are partially overlapping, the total is > 100%.