Summary of direct and carry-over effects of larval predator exposure on mosquito life-history traits, on the infection outcome in the mosquito and on transmission potential in human population. ns denotes statistically non-significant effects. Oocysts of Plasmodium falciparum in dissected mosquito midguts: picture by Da Dari, IRSS. Anopheles coluzzii female: picture by Nil Rahola, IRD. Backswimmer, Anisops jaczewskii eating a mosquito larva: picture by Olivier Roux, IRD. (Online version in colour.)