Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participants by semen quality parameters classified according to the WHO reference levels.
| All | Comparison group* N= 62 | Concentration <20 × 106/ml N= 6 | Motility <40% N= 31 | Vitality <58% N= 21 | Normal morphology <4% N= 66 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 38.4 ± 9.9 | 36.8 ± 9.7 | 35.7 ± 11.6 | 43.8 ± 9.4 | 46.1 ± 8.6 | 38.7 ± 10.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 25.0 ± 4.1 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 24.2 ± 1.8 | 25.6 ± 4.4 | 25.9 ± 4.1 | 25.1 ± 4.4 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 50.9 | 47.6 | 50.0 | 48.6 | 50.0 | 60.6 |
| No | 49.1 | 52.4 | 50.0 | 51.4 | 50.0 | 39.4 |
| Drinking (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 30.5 | 28.6 | 24.2 | 20.6 | 23.8 | 36.9 |
| Yes/Quit | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 4.8 | 3.1 |
| No | 67.1 | 69.8 | 74.5 | 76.5 | 71.4 | 60.0 |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| <High school | 30.5 | 19.3 | 33.3 | 48.6 | 61.9 | 45.5 |
| High school | 49.4 | 56.5 | 16.7 | 40.0 | 23.8 | 39.4 |
| College/Post College | 20.1 | 24.2 | 50.0 | 11.4 | 14.3 | 15.2 |
*
The comparison group was comprised of men with all four semen parameters higher than the reference levels according to the WHO reference levels.