Table 2.
Correlates of HIV infection among men, Kisumu Incidence Cohort Study, Kenya, 2007–2010.
| HIV Prevalence at Screening
|
Bivariate
|
Multiple Regression
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | OR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR** (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age* | 1.20 (1.11, 1.29) | <.0001 | 1.21 (1.07, 1.35) | .0017 | ||
| Marital status | .0373 | .2976 | ||||
| Single/never married | 21 | 5.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married/living as married | 12 | 9.8 | 1.95 (0.93, 4.08) | 0.47 (0.14, 1.57) | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 2 | 25.0 | 6.00 (1.14, 31.54) | 2.08 (0.24, 18.07) | ||
| Religion | .5776 | |||||
| Roman Catholic | 11 | 5.2 | Ref | |||
| Protestant or other Christian | 15 | 6.8 | 1.32 (0.59, 2.94) | |||
| Muslim/Nomiya/Other | 7 | 8.1 | 1.58 (0.59, 4.23) | |||
| No religion | 2 | 13.3 | 2.78 (0.56, 13.90) | |||
| Highest education level | .0030 | .2421 | ||||
| Never attended school | 6 | 27.3 | 9.25 (2.67, 32.08) | 4.47 (0.95, 21.06) | ||
| Primary school | 12 | 7.6 | 2.01 (0.74, 5.51) | 1.41 (0.42, 4.74) | ||
| Secondary school | 11 | 5.7 | 1.48 (0.54, 4.10) | 1.15 (0.38, 3.50) | ||
| Post-secondary schoola | 6 | 3.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Currently working | .8029 | |||||
| Yes | 16 | 6.9 | 1.09 (0.55, 2.17) | |||
| No | 19 | 6.4 | ref | |||
| Lifetime number of sexual partnersb | .3646 | |||||
| 1–2 | 2 | 4.4 | Ref | |||
| 3–4 | 7 | 4.7 | 1.09 (0.22, 5.41) | |||
| 5 or more | 25 | 7.9 | 1.88 (0.43, 8.20) | |||
| Ever had anal sex | .2108 | .1577 | ||||
| Yes | 3 | 3.4 | 0.46 (0.14, 1.55) | 0.37 (0.09, 1.48) | ||
| No | 31 | 7.0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Ever had oral sex | .9831 | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 6.6 | 1.01 (0.46, 2.21) | |||
| No | 26 | 6.6 | Ref | |||
| Ever been forced into sex | .5502 | |||||
| Yes | 6 | 8.2 | 1.32 (0.53, 3.30) | |||
| No | 29 | 6.4 | Ref | |||
| Number of sexual partners in the past three monthsb | .9009 | .4761 | ||||
| 0 | 5 | 14.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1 | 5 | 4.4 | 0.27 (0.07, 1.00) | 0.31 (0.06, 1.59) | ||
| 2–3 | 13 | 6.1 | 0.39 (0.13, 1.18) | 0.34 (0.08, 1.39) | ||
| 4 or more | 12 | 7.3 | 0.47 (0.16, 1.44) | 0.42 (0.10, 1.74) | ||
| Any unprotected vaginal or anal sex in the past three months | .6114 | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 4.4 | 1.38 (0.40, 4.70) | |||
| No | 24 | 6.0 | Ref | |||
| Sex during special occasions in the past three months | .6831 | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 5.5 | 0.85 (0.39, 1.86) | |||
| No | 20 | 6.4 | Ref | |||
| STI history | <.0001 | .0966 | ||||
| Never | 19 | 4.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not recent | 10 | 15.4 | 4.03 (1.78, 9.12) | 2.09 (0.76, 5.78) | ||
| Recent (past three months) | 6 | 24.0 | 7.00 (2.51, 19.53) | 3.40 (0.99, 11.65) | ||
| HSV-2 results | <.0001 | .0489 | ||||
| Positive | 12 | 20.7 | 6.82 (3.04, 15.29) | 3.13 (1.12, 8.73) | ||
| Indeterminate | 7 | 16.7 | 5.23 (2.02, 13.55) | 3.04 (0.95, 9.71) | ||
| Negative | 16 | 3.7 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Circumcision as confirmed by physical examination (men) | .0070 | .0109 | ||||
| Uncircumcised | 31 | 8.9 | 4.29 (1.49, 12.35) | 4.42 (1.41, 13.89) | ||
| Circumcised | 4 | 2.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
a
Post-secondary education includes technical/vocational training, college, or university.
b
Persons with whom the participant had vaginal or anal sex.
*
Continuous variable.
**
Odds ratios and confidence intervals adjusted for all variables listed in the column (i.e. all variables with p <.25 in bivariate models).