Table 3.
Correlates of HIV infection among women, Kisumu Incidence Cohort Study, Kenya, 2007–2010.
| HIV Prevalence at Screening
|
Bivariate
|
Multiple Regression
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | OR** (95% CI) | p-value | aOR** (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age* | 1.17 (1.11, 1.23) | <.0001 | 1.16 (1.04, 1.29) | .0085 | ||
| Marital status | <.0001 | .9456 | ||||
| Single/never married | 36 | 10.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married/living as married | 44 | 24.2 | 2.76 (1.70, 4.48) | 1.00 (0.34, 2.97) | ||
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 16 | 41.0 | 6.03 (2.92, 12.45) | 1.26 (0.29, 5.52) | ||
| Religion | .8482 | |||||
| Roman Catholic | 48 | 17.3 | Ref | |||
| Protestant or other Christian | 28 | 15.3 | 0.87 (0.52, 1.44) | |||
| Muslim/Nomiya/Other | 17 | 19.5 | 1.16 (0.63, 2.15) | |||
| No religion | 4 | 18.2 | 1.07 (0.35, 3.29) | |||
| Highest education level | .0096 | .3554 | ||||
| Never attended school | 8 | 33.3 | 4.21 (1.53, 11.61) | 4.77 (0.49, 46.07) | ||
| Primary school | 48 | 21.2 | 2.26 (1.19, 4.28) | 3.05 (0.84, 11.08) | ||
| Secondary school | 27 | 14.4 | 1.42 (0.72, 2.83) | 2.31 (0.66, 8.08) | ||
| Post-secondary schoola | 14 | 10.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Currently working | .0038 | .6743 | ||||
| Yes | 47 | 23.3 | 1.92 (1.24, 2.99) | 0.83 (0.35, 1.96) | ||
| No | 50 | 13.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Lifetime number of sexual partnersb* | .0010 | .2903 | ||||
| 1–2 | 11 | 7.8 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 3–4 | 40 | 17.5 | 2.53 (1.25, 5.12) | 2.52 (0.75, 8.47) | ||
| ≥5 | 41 | 24.3 | 3.81 (1.88, 7.74) | 1.68 (0.46, 6.16) | ||
| Ever had anal sex | .0940 | .5813 | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 12.5 | 0.63 (0.37, 1.08) | 0.73 (0.24, 2.21) | ||
| No | 76 | 18.5 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Ever had oral sex | .5928 | |||||
| Yes | 17 | 15.2 | 0.86 (0.48, 1.52) | |||
| No | 78 | 17.3 | Ref | |||
| Ever been forced into sex | .3499 | |||||
| Yes | 29 | 19.5 | 1.26 (0.78, 2.04) | |||
| No | 68 | 16.1 | Ref | |||
| Number of sexual partners in the past three monthsb | .6828 | |||||
| 0 | 6 | 17.1 | Ref | |||
| 1 | 51 | 15.6 | 0.89 (0.35, 2.27)Ref | |||
| 2–3 | 28 | 18.0 | 1.06 (0.40, 2.79) | |||
| 4 or more | 14 | 19.4 | 1.17 (0.41, 3.35) | |||
| Any unprotected vaginal or anal sex in the past three months | .0725 | .5167 | ||||
| Yes | 70 | 18.1 | 1.96 (0.94, 4.10) | 0.70 (0.24, 2.06) | ||
| No | 9 | 10.1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Sex during special occasions in the past three months | .7423 | |||||
| Yes | 19 | 17.9 | 1.10 (0.63, 1.92) | |||
| No | 71 | 16.6 | Ref | |||
| STI history | <.0001 | .9115 | ||||
| Not recent | 10 | 15.4 | 4.03 (1.78, 9.11) | 1.38 (0.32, 5.90) | ||
| Recent (past three months) | 6 | 24.0 | 7.00 (2.51, 19.53) | 1.00 (0.08, 11.81) | ||
| Never | 19 | 4.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| HSV-2 results | <.0001 | .0114 | ||||
| Positive | 76 | 35.5 | 12.92 (6.94, 24.06) | 3.85 (1.38, 10.71) | ||
| Indeterminate | 9 | 23.1 | 7.04 (2.78, 17.82) | 0.88 (0.14, 5.59) | ||
| Negative | 13 | 4.1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Pregnant as confirmed by lab test (women) | .0963 | .9837 | ||||
| Yes | 8 | 28.6 | 2.06 (0.88, 4.82) | 0.98 (0.09, 10.66) | ||
| No | 88 | 16.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Used birth control pills to delay or avoid pregnancy in the past three months (women) | .0484 | .5334 | ||||
| Yes | 33 | 23.1 | 1.96 (1.01, 3.82) | 1.38 (0.51, 3.74) | ||
| No | 15 | 13.3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Used injections to delay or avoid pregnancy in the past three months (women) | .0355 | .9940 | ||||
| Yes | 33 | 24.1 | 2.02 (1.05, 3.90) | 1.00 (0.38, 2.67) | ||
| No | 16 | 13.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
a
Post-secondary education includes technical/vocational training, college, or university.
b
Persons with whom the participant had vaginal or anal sex.
*
Continuous variable.
**
Odds ratios and confidence intervals adjusted for all variables listed in the column (i.e. all variables with p <.25 in bivariate models).