Table 3.
Number of YouTube videos reviewed (n=314) about medication use in pregnancy, by medication type, class, generic drug name, Teratogen Information System (TERIS) ratings, and safety assessment in YouTube video
| Medication Type | n1 | Percent | TERIS ratings | Reported as unsafe in YouTube video |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medication Class | ||||||
| Generic Drug Name |
Teratogenic risk rating |
Data quality/quantity rating |
n | % | ||
| Antidepressants | 249 | 79.3 | 218 | 87.5 | ||
| SSRI | 225 | 90.4 | 198 | 88.0 | ||
| Sertraline hydrochloride | 135 | 60.0 | Unlikely | Fair | 120 | 88.8 |
| Paroxetine hydrochloride | 118 | 52.4 | Minimal | Fair to Good | 105 | 89.0 |
| Fluoxetine hydrochloride | 79 | 35.1 | Unlikely | Fair | 68 | 86.1 |
| Escitalopram oxalate | 59 | 26.2 | Unlikely | Fair | 53 | 89.8 |
| Citalopram hydrobromide | 43 | 19.1 | Unlikely | Fair | 38 | 88.4 |
| Fluvoxamine maleate | 12 | 5.3 | Undetermined | Limited | 9 | 75.0 |
| Combination olanzapine and fluoxetine hydrochloride | 4 | 1.8 | 4 | 100.0 | ||
| SSRIs NOS | 29 | 12.9 | 22 | 75.9 | ||
| SNRI | 41 | 16.5 | 36 | 87.8 | ||
| Venlafaxine | 37 | 90.2 | None to Minimal | Limited to Fair | 32 | 86.5 |
| Desvenlafaxine | 10 | 24.4 | Undetermined | None | 10 | 100.0 |
| Duloxetine hydrochloride | 3 | 7.3 | Undetermined | Limited | 3 | 100.0 |
| Milnacipran hydrochloride | 1 | 2.4 | Undetermined | Very Limited | 1 | 100.0 |
| Other antidepressants | 32 | 12.8 | 28 | 87.5 | ||
| Bupropion hydrochloride | 32 | 100.0 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 28 | 87.5 |
| Mirtazapine | 1 | 3.1 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 1 | 100.0 |
| Antidepressants NOS | 18 | 7.2 | 10 | 55.6 | ||
| Analgesics and antipyretics | 26 | 8.3 | 12 | 46.2 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 17 | 65.4 | Minimal | Good | 5 | 29.4 |
| Opioids | 8 | 30.8 | 4 | 50.0 | ||
| Methadone | 6 | 75.0 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 1 | 16.7 |
| Buprenorphine hydrochloride | 5 | 62.5 | 1 | 20.0 | ||
| Diacetylmorphine | 3 | 37.5 | Unlikely | Fair | 3 | 100.0 |
| Codeine | 1 | 12.5 | Unlikely | Fair to Good | 0 | 0 |
| Nalbuphine hydrochloride | 1 | 12.5 | Undetermined | None | 1 | 100.0 |
| Combination buprenorphine and naloxone | 1 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Opioids NOS | 4 | 50.0 | 3 | 75.0 | ||
| NSAIDs | 4 | 15.4 | 3 | 75.0 | ||
| Aspirin | 2 | 50.0 | Minimal | Good | 2 | 100.0 |
| Ibuprofen | 2 | 50.0 | Minimal | Fair to Good | 2 | 100.0 |
| Naproxen sodium | 2 | 50.0 | Minimal | Limited to Fair | 1 | 50.0 |
| NSAIDs NOS | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Other | 3 | 11.5 | 1 | 33.3 | ||
| Combination acetaminophen and aspirin | 1 | 33.3 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Combination aspirin, butalbital, caffeine | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Pain relief, NOS | 1 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hormones and synthetic substitutes | 24 | 7.6 | 6 | 25.0 | ||
| Antidiabetics | 15 | 62.5 | 1 | 6.7 | ||
| Insulins | 9 | 60.0 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Aspart | 1 | 11.1 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Detemir | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Glargine | 1 | 11.1 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Human isophane | 1 | 11.1 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Insulin NOS | 8 | 88.9 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Biguanides: Metformin | 6 | 40.0 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Sulfonylureas: Glyburide | 4 | 26.7 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Thiazolidinediones: Rosiglitazone | 1 | 6.7 | Undetermined | Very Limited | 1 | 100.0 |
| Antidiabetics NOS | 1 | 6.7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Estrogen agonists/antagonists | 7 | 29.2 | 5 | 71.4 | ||
| Clomiphene citrate | 6 | 85.7 | Undetermined | Limited to Fair | 4 | 66.7 |
| Synthetic estrogen NOS | 1 | 14.3 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Gonadrotropins | 2 | 8.3 | 1 | 50.0 | ||
| Leuprolide acetate | 1 | 50.0 | Undetermined | Limited to Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Gonadrotropins NOS | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Adrenals: Corticosteroids | 1 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Progestins: Progesterone | 1 | 4.2 | Unlikely | Good | 0 | 0 |
| Thyroid: Levothyroxine sodium | 1 | 4.2 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Anticonvulsants | 21 | 6.7 | 20 | 95.2 | ||
| Divalproex sodium | 15 | 71.4 | Undetermined | None | 15 | 100.0 |
| Topiramate | 12 | 57.1 | Small to Moderate | Fair | 11 | 91.7 |
| Carbamazepine | 2 | 9.5 | Small to Moderate | Fair to Good | 2 | 100.0 |
| Phenytoin | 1 | 4.8 | Small to Moderate | Fair to Good | 1 | 100.0 |
| Anticonvulsants NOS | 1 | 4.8 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Gastrointestinal agents | 10 | 3.2 | 1 | 10.0 | ||
| Antiemetics: Ondansetron | 7 | 70.0 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Antidiarrheal: Loperamide hydrochloride | 1 | 10.0 | Undetermined | Limited | 0 | 0 |
| Cathartics and laxatives: Polyethylene glycol 3350 | 1 | 10.0 | Undetermined | Very Limited | 0 | 0 |
| Prokinetic agents: Metoclopramide | 1 | 10.0 | None | Fair to Good | 1 | 100.0 |
| Antacids NOS | 1 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Antibacterials | 9 | 2.9 | 1 | 11.1 | ||
| Azithromycin | 1 | 11.1 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Ceftriaxone sodium | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Clindamycin | 1 | 11.1 | Undetermined | Limited | 0 | 0 |
| Colistin sulfate | 1 | 11.1 | Undetermined | Limited | 0 | 0 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 3 | 33.3 | Unlikely | Fair to Good | 0 | 0 |
| Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim | 1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Antibacterial NOS | 5 | 55.6 | 1 | 20.0 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 4 | 1.3 | 1 | 25.0 | ||
| Alprazolam | 1 | 25.0 | Unlikely | Fair to Good | 0 | 0 |
| Diazepam | 1 | 25.0 | Minimal | Good | 0 | 0 |
| Estazolam | 1 | 25.0 | Undetermined | None | 1 | 100.0 |
| Benzodiazepines NOS | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Antihistamine | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Dimenhydrinate | 1 | 50.0 | Unlikely | Fair to Good | 0 | 0 |
| Diphenhydramine hydrochloride | 1 | 50.0 | Unlikely | Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Antihistamine NOS | 1 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Eszopiclone | 1 | 100.0 | None to Minimal | Limited to Fair | 1 | 100.0 |
| Zaleplon | 1 | 100.0 | Undetermined | None | 1 | 100.0 |
| Zolpidem tartrate | 1 | 100.0 | Unlikely | Limited to Fair | 0 | 0 |
| Dermatologic | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
| Etretinate | 1 | 100.0 | High | Fair | 1 | 100.0 |
| Isotretinoin | 1 | 100.0 | High | Excellent | 1 | 100.0 |
| Other | 6 | 1.9 | 2 | 33.3 | ||
| Autonomic: nicotine | 1 | 16.7 | Minimal to Small | Good | 1 | 100.0 |
| Herbal and natural products: probiotics | 1 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Oxytocics: mifepristone | 1 | 16.7 | Undetermined | Limited | 1 | 100.0 |
| Vitamins: levomefolate calcium | 1 | 16.7 | None | Excellent | 0 | 0 |
| Other NOS2 | 2 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | ||
NOS=not otherwise specified; NSAIDs=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SNRI=serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI=selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
1
Some videos discussed more than one medication type (i.e., they might be represented more than once in this column); therefore, the sum of videos within each medication class will not equal the number of videos for each medication type.
2
Cold medications, inhaler, nasal decongestant spray.