Table 2.

Evaluation of the biological activities of Swertia chirayita.

Bioactivity evaluated	Plant part(s) tested	Test system	aExtracting solvent	Test Organism/Models	Control	Toxicity test	References
Antibacterial	Whole plant	In vitro	EtOH	Escherichia coli ATCC 26922	Ciprofloxacin	None	Rehman et al., 2011
				Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 15380
				Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25619
				Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6380
Antibacterial	Stem	In vitro	MeOH	Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633	Ceftriaxone, Ceftriaxone sodium, Cefuroxine, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycine, Levofloxacin, Metronidazole, Tranexamicacid	None	Khalid et al., 2011
				Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 14506)
				Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538)
				Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
				Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028)
Antibacterial	Whole plant	In vitro	MeOH	Bacillus subtilis MTCC 736	Gentamycin	None	Laxmi et al., 2011
				Bacillus polymyxa
				Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160
				Escherichia coli MTCC 723
				Salmonella typhi MTCC 3216
				Vibria cholera MTCC 3906
				Streptococcus pyogenes MTCC 1927
				Proteus mirabilis MTCC 1429
				Providentia alkalifaciens
				Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7837
Antibacterial	Whole plant	In vitro	DCM; EtOH	Staphylococcus aureus	Kanamycin 30 μg/disc	None	Alam et al., 2009
Antibacterial	Stem	In vitro	EtOH	Staphylococcus aureus	Chloramphenicol 30 μg/disc	Brine shrimp assay–positive	Sultana et al., 2007
				Bacillus subtilis
				Salmonella typhi
				Shigella flexeneriae
				Sarcina lutea
				Bacillus megaterium
Antifungal	Whole plant	In vitro	MeOH	Aspegillus niger MTCC 1881	Amphotericin	None	Laxmi et al., 2011
				Aspergillus flavus MTCC 1883
				Cladosporium oxysporum MTCC 1777
Antileishmanial	Aerial part	In vitro	95% EtOH	Leishmania donovani UR6	–	None	Ray et al., 1996
Antileishmanial	Whole plant	In vitro	MeOH	Leishmania donovani AG83	–	Cytotoxicity test-negative	Medda et al., 1999
Antihelmintic	Whole plant	In vitro	Water; MeOH	Haemonchus contortus	Levamisole 0.55 mg/ml	None	Iqbal et al., 2006
Antimalarial	Leaves/Stem	In vitro	MeOH; PE; Water; EtOH	Plasmodium falciparum FCK 2	Parasitized red blood cells and 10 μCi of [35S]-methionine	None	Bhat and Surolia, 2001
Egg hatchability and larvicidal	Whole plant	In vitro	HEX; EA; MeOH	Aedes aegypti	Tween-80	None	Balaraju et al., 2009b
				Culex quinquefasciatus
Anti-hepatitis B virus	Whole plant	In vitro	50% EtOH	HepG 2.2.15 cells line	Tenofovir	None	Zhou et al., 2015
Antiinflammatory	Aerial parts	In vivo	Petroleum	N/A	Mice treated with vehicle or Diclofenac (10 mg/kg)	None	Banerjee et al., 2000
Antiinflammatory	Root	In vivo	95% EtOH	N/A	Diclofenac (25 mg/kg)	None	Das et al., 2012
Hypoglycemic	Whole plant	In vivo	95% EtOH	N/A	Mice treated with vehicle	None	Kar et al., 2003
Hypoglycemic	Leaves	In vivo	EtOH	N/A	Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)	None	Alam et al., 2011
Hypoglycemic	Whole plant	In vivo	EA; EtOH	N/A	Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)	Cytotoxicity test-negative	Verma et al., 2013
Antidiabetic	Whole plant	In vitro	95% EtOH; HEX	STZ-NAD(streptozotocin- nicotinamide) induced diabetic albino mice	Metformin (100 μg/kg)	None	Grover et al., 2002
Antidiabetic	Whole plant	In vitro	EtOH; HEX; Chloroform	STZ-NAD(streptozotocin- nicotinamide) induced diabetic albino mice	Metformin (100 μg/kg)	None	Arya et al., 2011
Antipyretic	Root	In vitro	Water	Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia Typhoid-Paratyphoid A, B vaccine induced Hyperexia	Paracetamol (150 mg kg−1)	None	Bhargava et al., 2009
Anticarcinogenic	Whole plant	In vivo	HEX	N/A	9,10-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)	None	Saha et al., 2004
Analgesic	Leaves/Stem	In vivo	EtOH	N/A	Diclofenac sodium (25 mg/kg)	None	Alam et al., 2010
Analgesic	Root	In vivo	EtOH	N/A	Aminopyrine (50 mg/kg)	None	Das et al., 2012
Hepatoprotective	Aerial parts	In vivo	70% EtOH	N/A	Paracetamol (150 mg/kg)	None	Nagalekshmi et al., 2011
CNS	Whole plant	In vivo	EtOH	N/A	Mice treated with vehicle	None	Bhattacharya et al., 1976
Antiviral	Leaves/Stem	In vitro	Water	Herpes simplex virus type-1	Acyclovir (1 mg/mL)	Cytotoxicity test-negative	Verma et al., 2008

^aExtracting solvent: EtOH, ethanol; EA, ethyl acetate; HEX, hexane; MeOH, methanol; N/A, not applicable; PE, petroleum ether.