FIGURE 2.

Cellular mechanisms activated by JNK phosphorylation. Activated JNK leads to phosphorylation of c-Jun, which modulates gene expression as well as tangle maturation. JNK plays also a direct role in the formation of tangles by phosphorylation of Tau and it also contributes to the regulation of PHF formation and proteolytic cleavage processing. Finally, JNK is responsible for the phosphorylation of BIM and BMF and, as consequence, for the activation of caspases leading to cellular apoptosis.