Table 2.

Use of different JNK inhibitors as a possible therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.

JNK Inhibitor	Experimental Model	Findings	Reference
Mixed linage kinase inhibitors
K252a	Primary cell culture	Conferred neuroprotection to Aβ-exposition	Goodman and Mattson, 1994
	Primary cell culture	Prevention against Aβ-induced neuroapoptosis	Xu et al., 2009
CEP1347	Primary cell culture	Prevention against Aβ-induced neuronal cell	Bozyczko-Coyne et al., 2001
	PC12 cell cultures	Prevention against Aβ-induced neuronal cell death	Troy et al., 2001
Peptide inhibitors
TAT-TIJIP	Primary cell culture	Prevention against neuronal apoptosis	Meade et al., 2010
	Primary cell culture	Decrease of neuronal degeneration and dendrite loss	Meloni et al., 2014
D-JNKi1	TgCRND8 mice	Decrease of APP phosphorylation. Improvement of memory	Sclip et al., 2011
	3xTg-AD mice with traumatic brain injury	Prevention of Tau phosphorylation	Tran et al., 2012
	TgCRND8 mice	Decrease of synaptic loss and preventing synaptic dysfunction	Sclip et al., 2014
	C57BL/6J mice + corticosterone regimen	Decrease of pTau levels and neuronal cell death	Solas et al., 2013b
Natural inhibitors
ω-fatty acids	Tg2576 mice on DHA regimen	Decreased PI3K activity. Increase of caspase-cleaved actin	Calon et al., 2004
	C57BL/6J mice on DHA regimen	Decrease of both γ and β-secretase activity	Grimm et al., 2011
	Tg2576 mice on DHA regimen	Decrease of Aβ levels	Lim et al., 2005
	Neuronal cell culture	Prevented IRS-1 inactivation and pTau pathology	Ma et al., 2009
Curcumin	3xTg-AD mice	Reduced Aβ, plaque deposition, and cytoquines levels	Ma et al., 2009
	APPswe/PS1dE9 mice	Reduced hippocampal Aβ40/42 levels	Feng et al., 2014
	APPswe/PS1dE9 mice	Spatial learning and memory improvements. Reduced hippocampal Aβ levels	Wang et al., 2014
	Tg2576 mice	Reduced amyloid levels and plaque burden. Direct Aβ-binding prevention of fibril formation and aggregation	Yang et al., 2005

DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid; PI3K, phosphoinositol 3 kinase.