Table 1.

Patient-level intervention according to Michie's et al. taxonomy [26].

Michie's et al. taxonomy	Intervention
Goals and planning	Set realistic goals and adjust them to build up skills, use the problem solving technique, and raise awareness on discrepancy between current behavior and goals as a motor of change
Feedback and monitoring	Electronic monitoring, empathic reinforcement, alliance through LCD display of electronic pill monitor, and ensuring continuity of care through medication adherence report
Social support	Reinforce positive practical and/or emotional support, invite significant others to attend interview, and offer the possibility to bring adherence report back home to discuss it with significant others
Shaping knowledge	Assess patient's cognitive and behavioral knowledge and needs in regard to long-term adherence, short-term and long-term side effects, fill in gaps with adequate vocabulary, and reevaluate needs over time
Natural consequences	Evaluate consequences, which are relevant to the patient (e.g., health, quality of life, and social, emotional, affective, financial, and professional consequences) and use hypotheses as a motor of potential changes (e.g., what would happen if you would take your medication on a regular basis?)
Comparison of behavior	Ask the permission for telling what other patients did in a similar situation
Associations	Associate drug intake with relevant individual daily actions, behaviors, cues, and reminders
Repetition and substitution	Plan short but repeated interviews over time, adjusted to patients' needs
Comparison of outcomes	Compare change in clinical outcomes and in adherence and set future goals
Reward and threat	Congratulate patient on achievements as small as they are; if necessary, evoke risks cautiously with patient agreement
Regulation	Detangle possible triangulation between patient and healthcare providers, listen to and regulate emotions, and, if possible, wait and see if patient is not ready to change behavior (preparation phase)
Antecedents	Evaluate adherence with past treatments as indicator
Identity	Reinforce patient positive behaviour, respect patient's rhythm and possibilities, and keep contact with patient (e.g., schedule a new interview in case of a missed appointment)
Scheduled consequences	Identify changes in clinical outcomes
Self-belief	Explore patient's past success, empower patient, and support patient in building self-confidence, self-efficacy, and motivation with treatment
Covert learning	—