Table 2.

Probiotics in ALD—clinical evidence.

Disease	Treatment and duration	Observations	Reference
Alcoholic cirrhosis patients, n = 10	VSL#3 treatment for 3 months	Reduced plasma ALT, AST, and GGT levels; normalized plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels; and decreased MDA, 4-HNE, and S-NO levels	[40]
Alcoholic cirrhosis patients, n = 20	Lactobacillus casei Shirota for 4 weeks of treatment	Normalized phagocytic capacity, decreased TLR4, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, and IL10 levels	[41]
Alcoholic cirrhosis patients, n = 34	Escherichia coli Nissle for 42 days of treatment	Improvement in intestinal colonization, restored microflora in feces, and reduced endotoxin levels in blood	[43]
Alcoholic cirrhosis patients, n = 12	A mixture of different lactic acid bacteria strains treated for 2 months	Positive effects on ecological balance of enteric commensals, reduced ALT, γ-GT, and TNF-α levels	[39]
Patients with alcoholic psychosis and liver disease, n = 66	Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus plantarum 8PA3 for 5 days of treatment	Increased numbers of both Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli; reduction in ALT, AST, GGT, LDH, and total bilirubin	[23]
Alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy patients  n = 89	VSL#3 treatment for 6 months	Reduced risk of hospitalization for HE (hepatic encephalopathy), improved CTP (Child-Turcotte-Pugh) and MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) scores	[42]