Table 4.

Correlates of prevalent chronic syphilis and HSV-2 infections among participants completing KICoS screening in Kisumu, Kenya (2007–2008).

Variable	HSV-2/Syphilis	Bivariate		Multiple regressiona
	n/N (%)	OR [95% CI]	p Value	AOR [95% CI]	p Value
Gender/men circumcision status			<0.0001		<0.0001
Women	192/424 (45.3)	5.75 [3.50–9.44]	<0.0001	4.99 [2.51–9.91]	<0.0001
Uncircumcised men	36/251 (14.3)	1.16 [0.65–2.07]	0.6065	0.75 [0.36–1.56]	0.4437
Circumcised men	21/167 (12.6)	ref.		ref.
Age, years			<0.0001		0.0528
18–19	19/105 (18.1)	ref.		ref.
20–24	143/530 (27.0)	1.67 [0.98–2.85]	0.0584	2.19 [1.09–4.42]	0.0282
25–29	52/149 (34.9)	2.43 [1.33–4.42]	0.0038	2.00 [0.89–4.52]	0.0941
30–34	35/62 (56.5)	5.87 [2.90–11.89]	<0.0001	3.79 [1.42–10.15]	0.0080
Highest level of education			<0.0001		0.0028
Primary and below	118/254 (46.5)	5.12 [3.25–8.06]	<0.0001	2.71 [1.43–5.14]	0.0022
Secondary	92/311 (29.6)	2.48 [1.58–3.90]	<0.0001	2.19 [1.24–3.87]	0.0070
Technical	7/63 (11.1)	0.74 [0.31–1.77]	0.4956	0.70 [0.24–2.10]	0.5273
College or university	31/214 (14.5)	ref.		ref.
Currently employed
No	113/404 (25.7)	ref.	0.0139	ref.	0.2524
Yes	135/440 (33.4)	1.45 [1.08–1.96]		1.28 [0.84–1.96]
Marital status			<0.0001		0.0090
Never married	87/515 (16.9)	ref.		ref.
Married or living as married	131/286 (45.8)	4.16 [3.00–5.77]	<0.0001	1.87 [1.12–3.11]	0.0163
Divorced/separated/widowed	28/41 (68.3)	10.60 [5.28–21.27]	<0.0001	3.57 [1.30–9.84]	0.0137
Ever inherited or been inherited
No	221/797 (27.7)	ref.		ref.
Yes	22/34 (64.7)	4.78 [2.33–9.82]	<0.0001	1.77 [0.64–4.88]	0.2707
Alcohol use in the past 3 monthsb
No	175/482 (36.3)	ref.		ref.
Yes	73/363 (20.1)	0.44 [0.32–0.61]	<0.0001	0.76 [0.47–1.21]	0.2477
Recreational drug use in the past 3 monthsb
No	232/706 (32.9)	ref.		ref.
Yes	16/137 (11.7)	0.27 [0.16–0.47]	<0.0001	0.36 [0.16–0.84]	0.0177
Age of sexual debut, years			0.2031		0.8661
22–34	6/26 (23.1)	ref.		ref.	22–34
16–21	148/458 (32.3)	1.59 [0.63–4.05]	0.3292	1.68 [0.49–5.80]	0.4082
8–15	81/314 (25.8)	1.16 [0.45–2.99]	0.7605	1.63 [0.46–5.82]	0.4495
< 7	4/17 (23.5)	1.03 [0.24–4.35]	0.9726	1.89 [0.30–11.84]	0.4954
Number of lifetime sex partners			0.0236		0.3161
0–1	35/111 (31.5)	ref.		ref.
2–5	144/429 (33.6)	1.10 [0.70–1.72]	0.6848	1.50 [0.83–2.74]	0.1835
6–10	34/156 (21.8)	0.61 [0.35–1.05]	0.0748	1.95 [0.89–4.25]	0.0946
> 10	27/112 (24.1)	0.69 [0.38–1.24]	0.2171	2.07 [0.87–4.93]	0.0996
Engaged in anal sex in the past 3 months
No	216/684 (31.6)	ref.
Yes	30/152 (19.7)	0.53 [0.35–0.82]	0.0042	0.33 [0.18–0.61]	0.0003
Time since last sex			0.0038		0.8725
Never	5/15 (33.3)	ref.		ref.
Within three months	182/676 (26.9)	0.74 [0.25–2.19]	0.5818	1.72 [0.46–6.36]	0.4202
Four to six months	23/58 (39.7)	1.31 [0.40–4.35]	0.6540	1.52 [0.34–6.78]	0.5854
More than six months	27/57 (47.4)	1.80 [0.55–5.93]	0.3341	1.69 [0.40–7.15]	0.4790
Unprotected sex at last sex with main partner in the past 3 monthsc
No	47/265 (17.7)	ref.		ref.
Yes	195/564 (34.6)	2.45 [1.71–3.51]	< 0.0001	1.77 [1.10–2.85]	0.0191
Ever treated for STI
No	191/706 (27.1)	ref.		ref.
Yes	53/131 (40.5)	1.83 [1.25–2.70]	0.0021	2.31 [1.31–4.06]	0.0037
HIV-positive
No	165/723 (22.8)	ref.		ref.
Yes	84/123 (68.3)	7.28 [4.80–11.06]	< 0.0001	4.43 [2.56–7.68]	< 0.0001

OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ref: reference group.

^aMultiple regression model includes all variables with p<.25 in bivariate model.

^bAny use reported; not necessarily abuse or misuse.

^cAlso includes participants who reported unprotected sex with a non-main or primary partner.

Note: Sample sizes fluctuate slightly for some variables due to missing data. Some percentages do not sum to 100 due to rounding.