Table 5.
Correlates of acute and chronic sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among participants completing KICoS screening in Kisumu, Kenya (2007–2008).
| Variable | Have STIsa
|
Bivariate |
Multiple regressionb
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/N (%) | OR [95% CI] | p Value | AOR [95% CI] | p Value | |
| Gender/men circumcision status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| Women | 206/424 (48.6) | 5.92 [3.66–9.56] | <0.0001 | 6.12 [3.20–11.72] | <0.0001 |
| Uncircumcised men | 43/251 (17.1) | 1.29 [0.75–2.24] | 0.3573 | 1.20 [0.61–2.33] | 0.6000 |
| Circumcised men | 23/167 (13.8) | ref. | |||
| Age, years | <0.0001 | 0.0431 | |||
| 18–19 | 23/105 (21.9) | ref. | |||
| 20–24 | 160/530 (30.2) | 1.54 [0.94–2.54] | 0.0886 | 2.13 [1.12–4.04] | 0.0214 |
| 25–29 | 53/149 (35.6) | 1.97 [1.11–3.49] | 0.0202 | 1.73 [0.82–3.64] | 0.1508 |
| 30–34 | 36/62 (58.1) | 4.94 [2.49–9.79] | <0.0001 | 3.41 [1.34–8.67] | 0.0100 |
| Highest level of education | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | |||
| College or university | 37/214 (17.3) | ref. | |||
| Technical | 9/63 (14.3) | 0.80 [0.36–1.76] | 0.5741 | 1.09 [0.44–2.72] | 0.8570 |
| Secondary | 96/12 (30.9) | 2.14 [1.39–3.28] | 0.0005 | 2.02 [1.19–3.43] | 0.0092 |
| Primary and below | 129/254 (50.8) | 4.94 [3.21–7.60] | <0.0001 | 3.24 [1.80–5.83] | <0.0001 |
| Currently employed | 0.0503 | 0.4533 | |||
| No | 128/440 (29.1) | ref. | ref. | ||
| Yes | 143/404 (35.4) | 1.34 (1.00–1.78 | |||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | 0.0133 | |||
| Never married | 103/515 (20.0) | ref. | |||
| Married or living as married | 136/286 (47.6) | 3.63 [2.64–4.98] | <0.0001 | 1.58 [0.98–2.57] | 0.0635 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 30/41 (73.2) | 10.91 [5.29–22.50] | <0.0001 | 4.04 [1.43–11.38] | 0.0082 |
| Ever inherited or been inherited | <0.0001 | 0.5410 | |||
| No | 243/797 (30.5) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 22/34 (64.7) | 4.18 [2.04–8.58] | 1.34 [0.52–3.47] | ||
| Alcohol use in the past 3 monthsc | <0.0001 | 0.5477 | |||
| No | 185/482 (38.4) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 86/363 (23.7) | 0.50 [0.37–0.68] | 0.87 [0.56–1.36] | ||
| Recreational drug use in the past 3 monthsc | <0.0001 | 0.0616 | |||
| No | 250/706 (35.4) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 21/137 (15.3) | 0.33 [0.20–0.54] | 0.51 [0.25–1.03] | ||
| Age of sexual debut, years | 0.5835 | ||||
| 22–34 | 9/26 (34.6) | ref. | |||
| 16–21 | 155/458 (33.8) | 0.97 [0.42–2.22] | 0.9355 | ||
| 8–15 | 94/314 (29.9) | 0.81 [0.35–1.88] | 0.6184 | ||
| <7 | 4/17 (23.5) | 0.58 [0.15–2.31] | 0.4416 | ||
| Number lifetime sex partners | 0.0133 | 0.3047 | |||
| 0–1 | 37/111 (33.3) | ref. | |||
| 2–5 | 158/429 (36.8) | 1.17 [0.75–1.81] | 0.4945 | 1.71 [0.96–3.02] | 0.0674 |
| 6–10 | 37/156 (23.7) | 0.62 [0.36–1.07] | 0.0850 | 1.69 [0.81–3.53] | 0.1653 |
| >10 | 30/112 (26.8) | 0.73 [0.41–1.30] | 0.2870 | 1.88 [0.84–4.22] | 0.1278 |
| Engaged in anal sex in the past 3 months | 0.0089 | 0.0005 | |||
| No | 233/684 (34.1) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 35/152 (23.0) | 0.58 [0.39–0.87] | 0.38 [0.22–0.65] | ||
| Time since last sex | 0.0007 | 0.6119 | |||
| Never | 5/15 (33.3) | ref. | |||
| Within three months | 198/676 (29.3) | 0.83 [0.28–2.46] | 0.7342 | 2.11 [0.57–7.89] | 0.2653 |
| Four to six months | 264/58 (44.8) | 1.63 [0.49–5.35] | 0.4245 | 2.54 [0.58–11.16] | 0.2183 |
| More than six months | 30/57 (52.6) | 2.22 [0.67–7.32] | 0.1897 | 2.54 [0.60–10.71] | 0.2058 |
| Unprotected sex at last sex with main partner in the past three monthsd | <0.0001 | 0.0054 | |||
| No | 52/265 (19.6) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 212/564 (37.6) | 2.47 [1.74–3.49] | 1.88 [1.21–2.94] | ||
| Ever treated for STI | 0.0021 | 0.0037 | |||
| No | 210/706 (29.8) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 57/131 (43.5) | 1.82 [1.24–2.66] | 2.23 [1.30–3.82] | ||
| HIV-positive | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 187/723 (25.9) | ref. | |||
| Yes | 85/123 (69.1) | 6.41 [4.23–9.73] | 3.24 [1.91–5.51] | ||
OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; ref: reference group.
a
The 4 STIs were syphilis, gonorrhoea, HSV-2 and Chlamydia.
b
Multiple regression model includes all variables with p<.25 in bivariate model
c
Any use reported; not necessarily abuse or misuse
d
Also includes participants who reported unprotected sex with a non-main or primary partner Note: Sample sizes fluctuate slightly for some variables due to missing data. Some percentages do not sum to 100 due to rounding.