Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Child Gender and Ethnicity
| Full Sample | Boys | Girls | MA | DA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | t | M (SD) | M (SD) | t | |
| Child’s age (months) | 58.78 (6.91) | 58.95 (6.95) | 58.61 (6.87) | 0.64 | 58.67 (6.98) | 58.91 (7.90) | −0.43 |
| Mother’s age | 31.93 (6.35) | 32.01 (6.35) | 31.86 (6.37) | 0.28 | 31.00 (5.77) | 33.11 (6.85) | −4.28*** |
| Years in US (mother)a | 11.74 (6.22) | 11.34 (6.07) | 12.11 (6.35) | −1.48 | 11.23 (4.83) | 12.54 (6.82) | −2.22* |
| Adaptive Behavior (Home) | 49.14 (9.65) | 48.15 (9.85) | 50.04 (9.39) | −2.52** | 46.83 (9.33) | 52.04 (9.27) | −7.16*** |
| Externalizing Problems (Home) | 48.17 (9.61) | 48.94 (10.32) | 47.47 (8.86) | 1.96* | 47.41 (8.75) | 49.14 (10.43) | −2.26* |
| Internalizing Problems (Home) | 52.65 (10.73) | 52.60 (10.99) | 52.69 (10.50) | −0.11 | 52.28(10.66) | 53.11 (10.82) | −0.98 |
| Adaptive Behavior (School) | 45.95 (9.35) | 44.76 (8.87) | 47.10 (9.65) | −3.12** | 45.01 (9.11) | 47.15 (9.52) | −2.82** |
| Externalizing Problems (School) | 46.96 (8.15) | 48.14 (9.21) | 45.84 (6.82) | 3.52*** | 45.75 (7.35) | 48.52 (8.85) | −4.17*** |
| Internalizing Problems (School) | 46.49 (8.44) | 46.73 (8.52) | 46.27 (8.37) | 0.67 | 45.69 (7.81) | 47.56 (9.11) | −2.72** |
|
|
|||||||
| % | % | % | χ2 | % | % | χ2 | |
|
|
|||||||
| Child gender (male) | 48.1 | - | - | - | 47.7 | 48.5 | 0.03 |
| Family living in poverty | 70.1 | 71.3 | 69 | 0.40 | 83.8 | 54 | 65.15*** |
| Single parent home | 24.2 | 23.6 | 24.9 | 0.14 | 12.7 | 38.6 | 59.90*** |
| Mother’s education < HS | 27.4 | 28.1 | 26.9 | 0.17 | 43.5 | 7.4 | 59.90*** |
| Mother works for pay | 45.2 | 45.5 | 45.1 | 0.01 | 29 | 65.4 | 87.31*** |
| Spanish only spoken at home | 70.1 | 70.6 | 69.6 | 1.89 | 86.5 | 50.2 | 104.56*** |
| Child assessed in Spanish | 48.9 | 49.7 | 48.3 | 0.13 | 56.1 | 40 | 16.97*** |
Note. Child functioning based on the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 Parent and Teacher Rating Scale. All values represent T scores. HS = high school.
a
For foreign-born mothers (n = 576; 92 %).
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.