Table 2.
Summary of champion characteristics, influence tactics, and impacts
| Reference | Champion type | Role in organization | IT experience or training | Champion was formal or emergent | Personality of champion | Tactics used by champion | Management support | Impact of champion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-qirim [32] | Clinical | Dermatologist | NA | Emergent | Achievement, innovative | NA | NA | Positive |
| Al-qirim [32] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Head of Dermatology | NA | Emergent | NA | Building coalitions | NA | NA |
| Al-qirim [33] | Admin | General Manager | NA | Emergent | Achievement, innovative | Appeal to higher authority, rational arguments | NA | NA |
| Al-qirim [33] | Clinical | Dermatologist | NA | Emergent | Achievement, innovative | NA | NA | Positive |
| Al-qirim [33] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Head of Dermatology | NA | Emergent | NA | Building coalitions, rational arguments | NA | NA |
| Ash et al. [34] | Varies | High-level leaders, non-clinicians, clinicians | Varies | NA | Achievement, innovative, persistence, persuasive | Building coalitions, rational arguments | Key factor | Positive |
| Ash et al. [57] | Clinical | Clinical champion | NA | Formal | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ash et al. [47] | Clinical | Non- clinicians, clinicians | Varies | NA | Charismatic, Innovative | Building coalitions, rational arguments | Yes | Positive |
| Carlfjord et al. [35] | NA | NA | NA | NA | Achievement, innovative | NA | Key factor | NA |
| Chedid et al. [56] | Clinical | Physician | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cresswell et al. [24] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Pharmacists | NA | Formal | NA | Individualized consideration | Key factor | Positive |
| Cresswell et al. [24] | Admin | Practice managers | NA | NA | NA | Individualized consideration | NA | Positive |
| Crosson et al. [42] | Varied (clinical/admin) | Physician | Yes | Formal | Innovative, persuasive | Charisma | NA | Positive |
| Culler et al. [45] | Clinical | Pharmacists | Yes | Formal | Persistence | Rational arguments | NA | Positive |
| Feldman et al. [49] | Hybrid (admin/technical) | Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer | NA | Formal | NA | Assertive actions, rational arguments | Key factor | NA |
| Feldstein et al. [58] | Varies | Staff | Yes | Formal | NA | NA | Key factor | NA |
| Gagnon et al. [36] | Hybrid (clinical/technical) | Physician | Yes | Formal | Achievement, innovative, persistence, persuasive | Assertive actions, building coalitions, Individual consideration, Ingratiation | NA | Positive |
| Garfield and Watson [50] | Technical | Telemedicine Coordinator | Yes | Formal | NA | NA | NA | Positive |
| Garfield and Watson [50] | Admin | President of MCG | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Positive |
| Greiver et al. [37] | NA | NA | NA | NA | Achievement, persuasive | NA | No | Positive |
| Halbesleben et al. [51] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Nurses, Nurse Managers | Yes | Formal | NA | NA | NA | Positive |
| Hao et al. [26] | Clinical | Physician | Yes | Informal | NA | NA | NA | Positive |
| Hartswood et al. [29] | Tech | IT staff | Yes | Formal | Persistence, persuasive | Bargaining | NA | NA |
| Hendy and Barlow [43] | NA | Telehealth Project Manager | Yes | NA | Achievement, innovative, persistence, persuasive | Building coalitions, intellectual stimulation, clandestine actions | NA | Varied |
| Hendy and Barlow [43] | NA | Project Manager | Yes | NA | Persistence, persuasive | Bargaining | NA | Varied |
| Leidner et al. [28] | Hybrid | CIO | Yes | Formal | Achievement, innovative | Assertive actions, Building coalitions | Varied | Varied |
| Leidner et al. [28] | Hybrid | CIO | Yes | Formal | Achievement, innovative | Rational arguments, bargaining | Varied | Varied |
| Leidner et al. [28] | Hybrid | CIO | Yes | Formal | Innovative | Rational arguments, bargaining | Varied | Varied |
| Leidner et al. [28] | Hybrid | CIO | Yes | Formal | Innovative | Assertive actions | Varied | Varied |
| McAlearney et al. [48] | Clinical | Physician | Yes | NA | Innovative | Building coalitions | NA | Positive |
| Miller and Sim [46] | Hybrid (clinical/technical) | Physician | Yes | NA | Innovative, persistent | Assertive actions | NA | Positive |
| Novak et al. [52] | Admin | Nursing Executive | NA | Informal | NA | Applying sanctions, friendliness and ingratiation | Yes | NA |
| Paré et al. [38] | Hybrid (clin/admin) | Nurse Managers | NA | Informal | Achievement, innovative, persistence, persuasive | Rational arguments | NA | Positive |
| Paré et al. [38] | Hybrid (clin/admin) | Medical Director | NA | Informal | Achievement, innovative, risk-taking, persuasive, persistence | Building coalitions, higher authority, sanctions, bargaining, assertive | NA | Positive |
| Paré et al. [41] | Clinical | Physician - medical director | NA | NA | Persistence, persuasive | NA | Key factor | NA |
| Paré et al. [61] | Nurses and Physicians | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Varied | |
| Piscotty and Tzeng [59] | Clinical | Nurse | Varies | NA | NA | Building coalitions | NA | NA |
| Poe et al. [55] | Clinical | Nurse - peer coach | Yes | Formal | NA | Ingratiation | NA | Positive |
| Postema et al. [44] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | “Enthusiastic ambassadors” | NA | NA | Persistence, persuasive | Individualized consideration, rational arguments | Yes | Varied |
| Sharkey et al. [60] | Varied | Nurse/Mids/Admin | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Positive |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Lead Physician | NA | Informal | Achievement, innovative | Assertive actions | NA | Positive |
| Shaw et al. [39] | NA | Team members | NA | Informal | NA | NA | NA | Positive |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Clinical | Physician Assistant | NA | Informal | NA | NA | Yes | Implementation failed |
| Shaw et al. [39] | NA | Various | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Implementation failed |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Med Director | NA | Formal | NA | NA | NA | Implementation failed |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Admin | Office Manager | NA | Formal | NA | NA | NA | Implementation failed |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Med Director | NA | Informal | Achievement, innovative | Building coalitions | Yes | Positive |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Clinical | Nurse | NA | Formal | NA | NA | Yes | Positive |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Clinical | Physician Assistant | NA | Formal | Achievement, innovative | Building coalitions | NA | NA |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Clinical | Physician | NA | Formal | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Shaw et al. [39] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Physician | NA | Informal | Achievement, innovative, persistence, persuasive | Building coalitions | NA | Positive |
| Sloan et al. [40] | Hybrid (clinical/admin) | Physician | Varies | NA | Achievement, innovative | Rational arguments | Yes | Positive |
| Verhoeven et al. [27] | Clinical | Nurses | NA | NA | NA | Rational arguments | Yes | Positive |
| Wright et al. [54] | Admin | Multiple (various) | Yes | NA | NA | NA | Yes | NA |
| Yuan et al. [30] | NA | Multiple (various) | NA | NA | NA | Assertive actions, individualized consideration | Yes | Positive and negative |
| Yusof [64] | Clinical | Multiple (various) | NA | Yes | NA | Building coalitions | No | Positive |
| Zandieh et al. [62] | Clinical | Physician | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Positive |