Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements of study participants (n = 111)a
| Socio-demographic variables | Total | Females (n = 58) | Males (n = 53) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age of mother (years) | 38.45 ± 6.36 | 38.95 ± 6.87 | 37.91 ± 5.76 |
| Age of child (years) | 8.15 ± 2.04 | 8.09 ± 2.02 | 8.23 ± 2.07 |
| Gender | 58 (52.3) | 53 (47.7) | |
| School | |||
| Private | 63 (56.8) | 33 (56.9) | 30 (56.6) |
| Public | 48 (43.2) | 25 (43.1) | 23 (43.4) |
| Grade level | |||
| Kindergarten | 6 (5.4) | 4 (6.9) | 2 (3.77) |
| Grade 1 | 30 (27.0) | 13 (22.4) | 17 (32.1) |
| Grade 2 | 17 (15.3) | 10 (17.2) | 7 (13.2) |
| Grade 3 | 17 (15.3) | 10 (17.2) | 7 (13.2) |
| Grade 4 | 24 (21.6) | 13 (22.4) | 11 (20.8) |
| Grade 5 | 6 (5.4) | 2 (3.4) | 4 (7.5) |
| Grade 6 | 11 (10.0) | 6 (10.3) | 5 (9.4) |
| Mother’s marital status | |||
| Divorced, separated or widowed | 8 (6.7) | 4 (6.9) | 4 (7.5) |
| Married | 112 (93.3) | 54 (93.1) | 49 (92.5) |
| Mother’s educational level | |||
| Less than high school degree | 26 (23.4) | 16 (27.6) | 10 (18.9) |
| Attained a high school degree | 39 (35.2) | 16 (27.6) | 23 (43.4) |
| Attained a university degree | 46 (41.4) | 26 (44.8) | 20 (37.7) |
| Mother’s employment status | |||
| Not employed | 79 (71.2) | 40 (69.0) | 39 (73.6) |
| Employed | 32 (28.8) | 18 (31.0) | 14 (26.4) |
| Crowding index | 1.27 ± 0.66 | 1.34 ± 0.79 | 1.20 ± 0.47 |
| <1 | 56 (50.5) | 30 (51.7) | 26 (49.1) |
| 1.00–1.50 | 29 (26.1) | 14 (24.1) | 15 (28.3) |
| >1.50 | 26 (23.4) | 14 (24.1) | 12 (22.6) |
| Anthropometric measurements of the child | |||
| Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2)b | |||
| Normal weight (−2–0.99 SD) | 53 (47.7) | 29 (50.0) | 24 (45.3) |
| Overweight (1–1.99 SD) | 21 (18.9) | 13 (22.4) | 8 (15.1) |
| Obese (≥2.00 SD) | 37 (33.3) | 16 (27.6) | 21 (39.6) |
aNumbers in this table represent means ± standard deviations (SD) and n (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
bBMI cut-off points for children adapted from Wang & Chen [33]