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. 2016 Jan 12;14:3. doi: 10.1186/s12951-015-0154-9

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© Angelov et al. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Effect of coatings with platinum nanoparticles <10, 50 nm and mixture of both (mix) on the impedance of stimulation electrodes in vitro (a). Data are means + SEM measured before and after coating. Significant differences within groups are indicated as asterisks (*), difference between groups is indicated as circle (o; ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test p < 0.05). Schematic diagram of the impedance measurement set-up (b). The sinusodial test voltage U_T drives the current i_m determined by the serial combination of R_m and the unknown microelectrode’s (ME) impedance. The voltage drop over R_m is amplified by α and registered as U_out. Optionally, the feedback capacity C_f compensates for bandwidth narrowing. Applying mesh rules the impedance of ME can be eventually calculated