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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 23.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Genet. 2015 Oct 5;49:603–625. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054813

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Transcriptional regulation in response to environmental change. a Simple and abundant, one-component regulators consist of a sensory input domain that regulates its adjacent DNA binding domain (DBD) (98). b Two-component signaling systems involve a sensory histidine kinase and a response regulator, the latter of which typically consists of a phosphoreceiver domain and a DNA binding output domain. The sensory domain of the histidine kinase regulates the autophosphorylation activity. The phosphoryl group is transferred from a histidine on the kinase to an aspartate on the receiver domain, which regulates the DBD output domain (17). c σ factors bind core RNA polymerase (RNAP) and confer promoter specificity to the transcriptional machinery. A host of regulatory mechanisms are employed to control alternative σ factors (46).