TABLE 1.

Prospective Biomarker Proteins

Candidate	Sample type				Species	Method of detection	Radiation dose (collection time point postirradiation)
	TBI plasmaa	Cell lineb	PBL ex vivoc	Blood ex vivod
ADAM9	≈	−	−	≈	Human	Western blot	PBL (7 Gy, 1 h)
							Cell (0.5–4 Gy, 6–48 h)
ALBUMIN	−	≈	≈	−	Human/mouse	ELISA	Blood (2–4 Gy, 2–6 h)
							TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 6–48 h)
α-AMYLASE	−	−	≈	−	Mouse	ELISA	Cell (8 Gy, 24 h)
							Blood (8 Gy, 5 h)
							TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 6–72 h)
CUGBP1	≈	−	≈	≈	Human	Western blot	Cell (2–7 Gy, 6–24 h)
CUGBP2	≈	−	≈	≈	Human	Western blot	Cell (2–7 Gy, 6 h)
ENO1	≈	≈	−	≈	Human	Western blot	PBL (7 Gy, 1 h)
							Cell (0.5–4 Gy, 1–6 h)
FIBRINOGEN	+	≈	≈	−	Human/mouse	ELISA	Blood (8 Gy, 5 h)
							TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 24 h–1 week)
FMRP	≈	≈	−	≈	Human	Western blot	PBL (7 Gy, 1 h)
γH2AX	≈	+	+	≈	Human/mouse	ELISA	PBL (2–8 Gy, 1–48 h)
							Cell (4 Gy, 1–24 h)
IL1β	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	e Partial-body irradiation (8 Gy, 24 h–1 week)
MMP2	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 24–72 h)
MMP3	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (8 Gy, 24–72 h)
MMP9	+	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 24–72 h)
MUC1	≈	−	−	≈	Human	Western blot	PBL (7 Gy, 1 h)
							Cell (2–12 Gy, 2–24 h)
NSE	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 24–72 h)
S100B	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (8 Gy, 24–72 h)
SAA	+	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 6 h–3 weeks)
ST3GAL1	≈	−	−	−	Human	Western blot	PBL (2–8 Gy, 24–48 h)
							Cell (0.5–8 Gy, 1–48 h)
							Blood (2–8 Gy, 1–48 h)
STFR	≈	≈	≈	−	Human	ELISA	Blood (2–4 Gy, 2–24 h)
TRANSFERRIN	−	≈	≈	−	Human/mouse	ELISA	Blood (2–4 Gy, 2–24 h)
							TBI plasma (1–4 Gy, 24–72 h)
VEGF	−	≈	≈	≈	Mouse	ELISA	TBI plasma (1–8 Gy, 24–72 h)

Note. + = Antigen increase with irradiation; − = no response to irradiation; ≈ = not determined.

^aPlasma was harvested from TBI C57BL6 mice.

^bCell lines of human origin were cultured and irradiated in vitro.

^cHuman PBL were harvested, cultured and irradiated ex vivo.

^dHuman blood was collected and irradiated ex vivo.

^eFor this target C57BL6 mice were irradiated in a partial-body model to either head or trunk only.