Batf3−/− mice mount stronger Th2 responses after S. mansoni egg immunization. WT or Batf3−/− C57BL/6 mice were injected with 5,000 S. mansoni eggs in the hind footpad and draining pLNs were analyzed 7 d later. (A and B) pLN cells were restimulated with PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of Brefeldin A and CD4+ T cells were stained for indicated intracellular cytokines. (C) pLN cells were restimulated with water-soluble egg antigens (SEA) for 3 d, and cytokine levels in culture supernatants were determined. (D) GC B cell (CD19+FAS+PNA+) frequency in CD19+ B cell gate from pLNs. (E) Frequency of IgD+ and class-switched IgG1+ GC B cells in pLNs. (F) Frequency of IgG1+ classed-switched GC B cells of total CD19+ B cells in pLNs. (G) Tfh cell (CXCR5+PD1+) frequency in CD4+ T cell gate from pLNs. (H) WT or Batf3−/− BALB/c mice were injected with 5,000 S. mansoni eggs in the hind footpad and draining pLNs were analyzed as in B 7 d later. Data are concatenated plots (A, D, E, and G) or bar graphs (B, C, F, and H) representing mean ± SEM from three to four mice per group. One of three (A–G) or two (H) experiments is shown. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.