Batf3−/− mice display stronger Th2 responses in response to S. mansoni infection. (A and B) Quantification of total cell numbers in hLNs (A) and livers (B) from naive, 8 wk (acute), and 16 wk (chronic) S. mansoni–infected WT and Batf3−/− BALB/c mice. Data are representative of 6 (naive and week 8) or 3 (week 16) mice per group. (C) Frequencies of CD3+CD4+ T cells, CD3+CD8α+ T cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD3−DX5+ NK cells in hLNs and livers of 8 wk S. mansoni-infected WT and Batf3−/− BALB/c mice. Data are representative of six mice per group. Error bars represent mean ± SEM. (D) Liver cells from WT or Batf3−/− BALB/c naive mice or mice infected for 8 wk with S. mansoni were restimulated with PMA/Ionomycin in the presence of Brefeldin A, after which CD4+ T cells were stained intracellularly for indicated cytokines. Data are concatenated plots from three mice per group. (E) Intracellular cytokine staining of T cells isolated from 8 wk S. mansoni–infected mice, as described in D, from liver and hLNs. Error bars represent mean ± SEM from three mice per group. (F) Foxp3 staining in CD4+ T cells isolated from 8 wk S. mansoni–infected mice from liver and hLNs. Data are concatenated plots from three mice per group. (G) Worm counts of 8 wk S. mansoni–infected WT or Batf3−/− BALB/c mice. Data are based on four mice per group. (H) Frequency of IgG1+ classed-switched GC B cells of total CD19+ B cells in hLNs of 8 wk S. mansoni–infected mice. Data are based on three mice per group. (I) SEA-specific IgG1 titers in serum of 8 and 16 wk S. mansoni–infected WT and Batf3−/− BALB/c mice. Dots represent individual mice. (J) Frequencies of DC subsets within the CD11c+MHCII+ DC population in liver, CD11c+MHCIIhi migratory DC (mDC) population, and CD11chiMHCII+ resident DC (rDC) population in hLN from naive and 8 wk infected WT or Batf3−/− BALB/c mice. Data are concatenated plots from three mice per group. One of two (C, F, G, and J) or three (A, B, D, E, and H) experiments is shown. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.