Table 1.
Relevant studies showing the association of the occipital lobe in the brain of schizophrenic patients.
| Author/publication year | Country | Study design | Population | Sample size | Diagnostic criteria | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spalletta G et al, 201532 | Italy USA | Cross-sectional study | 21 schizophrenia into its deficit (SZD) patients, 21 schizophrenia into its non-deficit (SZND) patients, and 21 healthy controls | 63 | DSM-IV-TR | Radial diffusivity was found to be higher in the left forceps minor of schizophrenia into its deficit (SZD) patients, in the left internal capsule of schizophrenia into its non-deficit (SZND) patients, and in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus in the whole schizophrenia group. Mean diffusivity increased from healthy controls to SZD patients to SZND patients in the right occipital lobe |
| Guo X et al, 201333 | China USA | Cross-sectional study | 57 patients (27 short DUP * and 30 long DUP*) and 30 healthy controls | 87 | The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders–Clinician Version administered by clinicians (QL and YS) | Long DUP was found to be linked with temporal and occipitotemporal gray matter volume reduction in treatment naive schizophrenia. |
| *Duration of untreated psychosis | ||||||
| Anderson D et al, 201334 | USA | Cross-sectional study | Fifty-five patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder | 55 | Clinical interview using the SCID for DSM-IV Disorders | Schizophrenic patients have lower fractional anisotropy in temporal (superior temporal and parahippocampal) and occipital (superior and middle occipital) white matter compared to patients with bipolar disorder and healthy volunteers |
| Nieuwenhuis M 2012, et al35 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional study | 239 subjects (128 patients and 111 healthy controls) independent sample of 277 subjects (155 patients and 122 healthy controls) | 516 | Patient=DSM-IV-TR | Gray matter density was found to be increased in the left occipital lobe and the basal ganglia |
| Healthy participants=never been mentally ill | ||||||
| Fujimoto T et al, 201336 | Japan | Cross-sectional study | 10 right-handed male schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy controls | 20 | DSM-IV-TR criteria | A positive correlation of auditory hallucination and left occipital and right frontoparietal lobe areas was found |
| Yao L et al, 201337 | China | Meta-analysis (DTI) | 271 first episode schizophrenia patients and 297 healthy controls | 568 | Inclusion exclusion criteria by keywords | White matter changes in the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus was found |
| Plomp G et al, 201342 | Switzerland | Cross-sectional study | 20 schizophrenic patients (14 patients were inpatients; 8 were outpatients) 20 controls | 40 | (DSM-IV) criteria, based on SCID-CV | Activity reduction was mostly seen in lateraloccipital cortex (in the ventral stream) |
| Chan WY et al, 201043 | Singapore | Cross-sectional study | 103 individuals comprising of 39 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 64 healthy controls | 103 | DSM-IV | First episode schizophrenic patient have lower white matter volume (right temporal-occipital region) diffusion anisotropy in the right temporal-occipital region revealed lower planar anisotropy, and higher linear anisotropy |
| Miyata J et al, 201044 | Japan | Cross-sectional study | 26 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls | 53 | Patient edition of the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis – 1 Disorder | Facial emotion recognition subtask demonstrated a noteworthy relationship with fractional anisotropy reductions in the left occipital white matter |
| Gutierrez D et al, 201545 | Spain Germany | Cross-Sectional study | 101 first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) and 69 healthy volunteers | 170 | DSM-IV | Gradual reduction of gray matter volume in the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of schizophrenic patients was found. |
| Pirnia T et al, 201552 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 26 schizophrenia patients (mean age: 33, 19m/7f), 30 controls (mean age: 29, 24m/6f), and 14 unaffected relatives of patients (mean age: 40, 5m/9f). | 70 | DSM-IV-Patient Version(SCID-1/P) and informant information | Temporo-occipital and parietal region hyper-activations were observed |
| Hart SJ et al, 201353 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 21 children with a first-degree family member with schizophrenia and 21 controls without FHR | 42 | DSM IV Disorders for adults and the Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for children | It was found that during emotional processing, the FHR group showed reduced anterior cingulate activation, with reduced age-related recruitment of inferior frontal, parietal and occipital areas |
| Rigucci S et al, 201354 | Italy | Cross-sectional study | 19 patients with first episode of non-affective psychosis and 18 controls | 37 | DSM-IV-TR criteria | Loss in facial emotion recognition was found to be linked with temporo-occipital gray matter volume reduction |
| Calderone DJ et al, 201355 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 15 schizophrenic patients and 15 healthy volunteers | 30 | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and available clinical information | Occipital activation volume reduction was observed |
| Collin G et al, 201356 | The Netherlands | Cross-sectional study | 146 schizophrenia patients and 122 healthy comparison subjects | 268 | DSM-IV | Reduced coupling was most prominent between fronto-parietal cortical regions and subcortical structures, and between frontal and occipital regions. Moreover, a marked association was found among frontal and limbic regions, and for temporo-occipital connections |
| Woodward ND et al, 201257 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 62 patients with schizophrenia and 77 healthy subjects | 139 | The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosing DSM-IV Disorders (SCID: 19) | There was no difference in temporal, posterior parietal, or occipito-cortex connectivity with the thalamus |
| Hoptman MJ et al, 201259 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 23 healthy controls 25 patients | 48 | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Patient version (SCID-I/P) | Notable reductions in VMHC in patients in the occipital lobe, the thalamus, and the cerebellum |
| Fujimoto T et al, 201261 | Japan | Cross-sectional study | 10 right-handed male schizophrenia patients | 10 | DSM-IV-TR criteria | ERD and ERS changes were found in the left temporal pole and midline frontal and anterior cingulate cortex in theta ERS, occipital lobe in alpha ERS, and right temporal-frontal-parietal, midline frontal, and anterior cingulate cortex in beta ERD |
DSM-IV-TR - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, SZD - deficit, SZND - non-deficit, FHR - Familial High Risk, VMHC - voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity, ERD - event-related desynchronization, ERS - synchronization, DTI - diffusion tensor imaging, DUP - duration of untreated psychosis, SCID - Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, SCIM - scanlan collaborative interview method, M - male, F - female