Table 1.

Overview of learning activities in a flipped-class compared with a traditional class^a

	Before the class	During the class	Shortly before the exam
Traditional	Surface learning: (compulsory) reading	Surface learning: listening to the lecture, taking notes	Construct understanding: studying materials
“Flipped”	Construct understanding via assignments: watching video clips, reading, and preparing/submitting questions	Construct understanding: answering (clicker) questions, peer-instruction, and discussions	Reinforcement of understanding: studying and recapping discussed questions and problems

^aFor investigating the effects of flipped class, a traditional course with five traditional lectures per week was compared with a course in which one of the five traditional lectures per week was replaced by a flipped lecture.