Table 2.

Cytokine concentrations (pg/mL) in pregnant women from rural Bangladesh (2007–2010) at first TM, third TM, and 3 months PP by case–control status (N = 40 seroconverters and 40 controls)

	Pro-inflammatory cytokines (Th1) Median (IQR)						Anti-inflammatory cytokines (Th2) Median (IQR)
	IFN-γ	IL-12	IL-1β	IL-2	IL-8	TNF-α	IL-10	IL-13	IL-4	IL-5
First TM
Controls	1.94 (1.3, 3.4)	2.43 (1.4, 4.2)	0.31 (0.3, 0.5)	1.69 (0.8, 2.6)	6.85 (4.6, 8.3)	9.54 (7.9, 11)	2.04 (1.6, 3.3)	1.96 (0.7, 3.3)	0.39 (0.4, 0.9)	2.14 (1.3, 2.9)
Seroconverters	2.58 (1.6, 3.7)	4.57 (1.9, 8.9)	0.31 (0.3, 0.7)	1.75 (1.2, 2.6)	10.0 (6.4, 34)	10.0 (8.2, 12)	3.11 (2.3, 5.2)	2.35 (0.7, 3.9)	0.79 (0.4, 1.2)	2.18 (1.4, 3.9)
P value*	0.30	0.08	0.26	0.57	0.008	0.33	0.002	0.52	0.08	0.42
Third TM
Controls	1.84 (1.2, 3.6)	2.55 (1.4, 3.5)	0.71 (0.3, 1.0)	1.75 (1.0, 2.6)	9.62 (5.6, 18)	9.05 (7.8, 11)	2.41 (1.8, 3.6)	2.14 (1.5, 3.6)	0.89 (0.4, 1.3)	1.38 (1.0, 2.5)
Seroconverters	1.65 (1.2, 2.3)	4.18 (2.2, 7.1)	0.31 (0.3, 0.8)	1.78 (0.9, 3.3)	11.3 (8.2, 17)	8.62 (7.6, 11)	3.00 (1.9, 4.4)	2.03 (0.7, 3.9)	0.82 (0.4, 1.4)	1.76 (1.1, 3.1)
P value*	0.25	0.02	0.17	0.96	0.50	0.35	0.21	0.50	0.89	0.15
3 months PP
Controls	1.73 (1.3, 3.2)	2.90 (2.0, 5.4)	0.31 (0.3, 0.8)	1.94 (1.5, 2.7)	14.1 (8.1, 23)	10.6 (9.0, 13)	2.13 (1.6, 3.5)	2.20 (0.7, 3.4)	0.39 (0.4, 0.9)	3.23 (2.1, 4.1)
Seroconverters	2.06 (1.6, 3.4)	3.89 (2.1, 6.5)	0.67 (0.3, 1.1)	2.71 (1.7, 4.0)	15.4 (8.5, 30)	11.3 (10, 13)	3.47 (2.2, 6.3)	1.96 (0.7, 4.3)	0.84 (0.4, 1.2)	2.73 (2.0, 4.2)
P value*	0.13	0.34	0.18	0.03	0.52	0.14	0.005	0.90	0.13	0.67

IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; IQR = interquartile range; PP = postpartum; Th = T-helper cell; TM = trimester; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha.

^*Kruskall–Wallis test comparing seroconverters to controls.