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Suggested cystic echinococcosis (CE) stage-specific clinical management options according to World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) Expert consensus.34 PAIR = puncture, aspiration, injection of a scolicidal agent, and re-aspiration. Non-PAIR percutaneous treatments include several percutaneous techniques using cutting instruments and large bore catheters to evacuate the entire cyst content.
