Table 4. Association of smoking, alcohol and body mass index with cardiovascular death in participants with incident atrial fibrillation, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study from 1987 to 2006 and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) from 1989 to 2006.
| ARIC: HR (95% CI) | CHS: HR (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | Past | Current | Never | Past | Current | |
| Cardiovascular deaths (N) | 77 | 121 | 72 | 129 | 141 | 25 |
| Person years | 3102.3 | 4151.9 | 1615.9 | 2235.7 | 2025.4 | 328.6 |
| Incidence rates (95% CI)* | 24.8 (19.7–30.8) | 29.1 (24.3–34.7) | 44.6 (35.1–55.8) | 57.7 (48.6–68.6) | 69.6 (59.0–82.1) | 76.1 (51.4–112.6) |
| HR (95% CI) Model 1 | 1 | 1.18 (0.88–1.60) | 1.87 (1.34–2.60)† | 1 | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 1.55 (1.00–2.38)† |
| HR (95% CI) Model 2 | 1 | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 2.06 (1.46–2.90)† | 1 | 1.29 (0.99–1.68) | 1.64 (1.08–2.48)† |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| No | Light to moderate | Heavy | No | Light to moderate | Heavy | |
| Cardiovascular deaths (N) | 176 | 72 | 22 | 213 | + | + |
| Person years | 5553.3 | 2693.6 | 623.2 | 3181.8 | + | + |
| Incidence rates (95% CI)* | 31.7 (27.3–36.6) | 26.7 (21.1–33.4) | 35.3 (22.8–52.5) | 66.9 (58.5–76.6) | 59.1 (47.5–73.5) | 30.2 (4.3–214.2) |
| HR (95% CI) Model 1 | 1 | 0.93 (0.70–1.25) | 1.20 (0.77–1.89) | 1 | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.66 (0.07–6.38) |
| HR (95% CI) Model 2 | 1 | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | 1.19 (0.75–1.88) | 1 | 0.99 (0.76–1.3) | 0.64 (0.07–5.75) |
| BMI | ||||||
| 18.5 to <25 | 25 to < 30 | > = 30 | 18.5 to <25 | 25 to < 30 | > = 30 | |
| Cardiovascular deaths (N) | 44 | 102 | 124 | 109 | 117 | 59 |
| Person years | 1941.2 | 3484.3 | 3444.6 | 1661.9 | 2014.0 | 832.8 |
| Incidence rates (95% CI)* | 22.7 (16.7–30.1) | 29.3 (24.0–35.4) | 36.0 (30.1–42.8) | 65.6 (54.4–79.1) | 58.1 (48.5–69.6) | 70.84 (54.9–91.4) |
| HR (95% CI) Model 1 | 1 | 1.23 (0.87–1.75) | 1.48 (1.05–2.09) | 1 | 0.92 (0.71–1.2) | 1.27 (0.92–1.77) |
| HR (95% CI) Model 2 | 1 | 1.04 (0.73–1.47) | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 1 | 0.88 (0.67–1.14) | 1.17 (0.83–1.64) |
*per 1,000 person-years.
Model 1 adjusted for age, race and sex. Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 + CHA2DS2-VASc variables (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex class (female)) all as separate variables, not a score) excluding prior Transient ischemic attack/ stroke. Median follow up was 6.6 years for ARIC and 4.4 years for CHS.
† Indicates P < .05. ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study. +Medicare-enhanced data are not presented in these cells due to a small sample size.