Table 1.

Summary of model parameters in the first and subsequent generations. The values of fixed parameters are given; where parameters were fixed within simulations, but varied across simulations, the range of values is shown.

Parameter	First generation	Subsequent generations
Fixed within and across simulations
Age-independent mortality (a)1	0.3	As first generation
Fecundity (F)	3	As first generation
Fixed within simulations, but varied across simulations
Rate of increase of ES (ESinc)	0–0.05	As first generation
Maximum stress resistance (SRmax)	2–10	As first generation
Heritability (H)	0.1–0.99	As first generation
Varied within simulations
Extrinsic stressor(s) (ES)	Randomly drawn from normal distribution with: ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_0$ = 0.5 or 1, σ = 0.1 ∗ ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_0$	Randomly drawn from normal distribution with: ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ = ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_{\mathrm{t}‐1}$ + ESinc, σ = 0.1 ∗ ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_{\mathrm{t}}$
Stress resistance (SR)	Randomly drawn from truncated normal distribution with: ${\bar{\mathrm{x}}}_0$ = 2, σ = 0.1, min = 0.01, max = SRmax	Sampled from previous generation, proportional to LRS, and perturbed as a function of H
Age-dependent mortality (b)	0.01 ∗ e(Stotal ∗ 1/SR)	As first generation
Age at death (AD)	e(w ∗ e(z ∗ b)) ± stochastic variation2	As first generation
Lifetime reproductive success (LRS)	F ∗ AD	As first generation

¹Only used in simulations external to evolutionary models (see Section 2.4).

²Where w and z are derived from simulated data (see Section 2.4).