Table 1.

Concentrations of organic acids and inorganic ions detected in the pore water of rhizosphere (planted) and bulk soil (unplanted) at stages 1–4, corresponding to days 34, 52, 62, and 90.

	Planted [days]				Unplanted [days]
	34	52	62	90	34	52	62	90
Malate	70.23a ± 23.05	69.18a ± 25.17	103.51a ± 11.45	121.92a ± 19.63	85.96a ± 9.43	101.31a ± 8.37	119.89a ± 58.70	148.13a ± 88.17
Lactate	0.98a ± 1.01	1.41a ± 1.39	1.16a ± 0.40	1.26a ± 0.53	0.17a ± 0.18	0.01a ± 0.02	0.03a ± 0.07	0.04a ± 0.07
Formate	0.13a ± 0.14	0.10a ± 0.10	0.31a ± 0.14	0.40a ± 0.09	0.03a ± 0.05	0.09a ± 0.02	0.05a ± 0.03	0.04a ± 0.03
Acetate	0.44a ± 0.42	0.50a ± 0.56	0.48a ± 0.41	0.55a ± 0.41	0.02a ± 0.04	0.01a ± 0.01	ND	0.01a ± 0.01
Propionate	0.06 ± 0.09	1.17 ± 1.69	0.38 ± 0.20	0.96 ± 0.35	ND	ND	0.03 ± 0.00	ND
Chloride	12.70a ± 4.08	30.95bc ± 2.40	29.06bc ± 5.98	34.91b ± 2.08	12.05a ± 1.07	14.49a ± 1.64	16.48a ± 3.36	19.10ac ± 4.52
Nitrate	0.02a ± 0.02	0.01a ± 0.01	0.05a ± 0.05	ND	0.13a ± 0.20	0.05a ± 0.05	0.14a ± 0.15	0.23a ± 0.30
Sulfate	0.03a ± 0.03	0.02a ± 0.02	0.02a ± 0.01	0.03a ± 0.02	0.02a ± 0.02	0.02a ± 0.02	0.03a ± 0.02	0.05a ± 0.03

Values indicate the average and standard deviation in millimolar concentrations. Values with the same letters are not different (ANOVA, P threshold 0.05).

ND indicates not detected.