Table 2.

Pharmacological treatment of each spinal-generated movement disorder

SGMDs	CLZ	VPA	LVT	CBZ	GBP	ImRxa	Others
Spinal segmental myoclonus (SSM)	+	+	+
Propriospinal myoclonus (PSM)	+	+
Orthostatic tremor (OT)	+				+		+b
Paroxysmal tonic spasms in multiple sclerosis (MS)				+			+c
Stiff person syndrome (SPS) and its variants	+/−d					+	+e
Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (a variant of SPS)	+/−d					+	+e
Painful legs-moving toes syndrome (PLMT)	+f			+f	+		+g

Pharmacologic therapies in SGMDs. The effective or possibly effective therapies are indicated by “+”. Drugs utilized in SGMDs are mostly antiepileptics (including benzodiazepines, especially clonazepam, valproate, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and gabapentin), and immunotherapies^a (including steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and/or plasma exchange, as well as immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil)

Abbreviations: SGMDs spinal-generated movement disorders, CLZ clonazepam, VPA valproate, LVT levetiracetam, CBZ carbamazepine, GBP gabapentin, ImRx immunotherapies

^bDopaminergic therapies including dopamine agonists and levodopa in case with co-existing parkinsonism

^cAcetazolamide

^dClonazepam may be used, but anecdotally is less effective than diazepam

^eBenzodiazepines, especially diazepam

^fIn our experience, these medications are used less often than gabapentin

^gPregabalin is also used. Other medications reported in small number of patients include baclofen, carbamazepine, and tricyclic antidepressants