Table 1.
Human blood samples tested for vitamins, antibodies and nasal wash cytokines
| Label | Age (years) | Contact/index flu type (day) | RBP (ng/ml) | Vit D (ng/ml) | IgG1‡ | IgA‡ | Flu Nab titre | +Nasal Cyt>2X |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza Virus Study | ||||||||
| F5028C21 | 7 | FP contact‐H1 (7) | 5933 | 1 | 110 | 20 | 20 | 9 |
| F5030C29 | 22 | Neg contact (0) | 9698 | 16 | 289 | 50 | <10 | 3 |
| F5006C05 | 19 | Neg contact (24) | 11 952 | 6 | 453 | 154 | 10 | 4 |
| F5001* | 12 | Index‐H1 (0) | 15 228 | 24 | 568 | 84 | <10 | 32 |
| F5004 | 29 | Index‐H1 (0) | 17 670 | 1 | 462 | 104 | <10 | 29 |
| F5012C10 | 19 | Neg contact (0) | 18 463 | 8 | 433 | 87 | 40 | 11 |
| F5020C17 | 70 | FP contact‐H1 (0) | 18 623 | 6 | 409 | 122 | 10 | 10 |
| F5011 | 30 | Index‐H1 (0) | 18 862 | 6 | 366 | 66 | <10 | 13 |
| F5021† | 12 | Index‐H1(0) | 19 101 | 14 | 514 | 86 | <10 | 25 |
| F5001* | 12 | Index‐H1 (25) | 19 821 | 22 | 674 | 76 | 10 | 25 |
| F5013C10 | 21 | CV contact‐BA (0) | 20 383 | 10 | 421 | 92 | 40 | 10 |
| F5009C08 | 30 | CV contact‐H1 (0) | 20 463 | 6 | 348 | 89 | 10 | 9 |
| F5015C14 | 26 | Neg contact (0) | 21 999 | 27 | 223 | 43 | 40 | 5 |
| F5014 | 8 | Index‐H1 (0) | 22 732 | n/a | 594 | 41 | <10 | 4 |
| F5021† | 12 | Index‐H1 (32) | 25 286 | 14 | 519 | 79 | 80 | 8 |
| F5018C17 | 25 | Neg contact (0) | 28 740 | 13 | 340 | 96 | 80 | 9 |
| F5002C01 | 30 | Neg contact (0) | 30 373 | 8 | 842 | 322 | 80 | 4 |
| F5040C39 | 33 | FP contact‐H1 (0) | 35 770 | 10 | 369 | 137 | 20 | 6 |
| F5022C21 | 32 | CV contact–H1 (0) | 35 861 | 1 | 260 | 147 | 40 | 0 |
| F5019C17 | 43 | Neg contact (0) | 50 676 | 17 | 170 | 99 | 10 | 3 |
| F5052C51 | 38 | Neg contact (0) | 56 431 | 9 | 476 | 175 | 40 | 2 |
| Tennessee Blood Services samples | ||||||||
| R242680 | 27 | – | 17 071 | 6 | 414 | 91 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275699 | 45 | – | 21 428 | 20 | 667 | 283 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275708 | 22 | – | 21 428 | 14 | 355 | 69 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242682 | 38 | – | 22 370 | 11 | 401 | 52 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275696 | 37 | – | 22 375 | 16 | 369 | 127 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275693 | 32 | – | 22 440 | 26 | 505 | 133 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242676 | 28 | – | 22 605 | 19 | 563 | 131 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275704 | 22 | – | 23 088 | 24 | 224 | 28 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242688 | 30 | – | 24 591 | 9 | 525 | 157 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242683 | 39 | – | 25 238 | 6 | 358 | 55 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275703 | 31 | – | 26 678 | 19 | 517 | 157 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275709 | 56 | – | 27 342 | 15 | 610 | 287 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242675 | 27 | – | 27 632 | 13 | 1031 | 104 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275700 | 63 | – | 28 454 | 36 | 607 | 81 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275702 | 44 | – | 28 488 | 28 | 305 | 113 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242674 | 58 | – | 31 871 | 16 | 387 | 245 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242677 | 40 | – | 32 049 | 19 | 921 | 196 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275695 | 45 | – | 32 132 | 28 | 511 | 186 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242678 | 59 | – | 32 859 | 14 | 313 | 243 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275698 | 41 | – | 33 779 | 11 | 270 | 56 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275697 | 39 | – | 34 035 | 45 | 484 | 148 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275705 | 33 | – | 37 487 | 18 | 358 | 133 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275694 | 39 | – | 42 198 | 27 | 329 | 66 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R242679 | 56 | – | 55 550 | 20 | 640 | 197 | n.d. | n.d. |
| R275692 | 48 | – | 65 146 | 14 | 337 | 317 | n.d. | n.d. |
Retinol bonding protein (RBP) and vitamin D levels were tested for 21 plasma samples from the Influenza Virus Study and 25 serum samples from the Tennessee Blood Services (Memphis, TN) Column 3 indicates the type of sample, type of virus infection and day of analysis. ‘Index’ was the person from a household who first received (on day 0) an influenza virus diagnosis (index case). ‘FP contact’ was a household contact of the index case who was also diagnosed on day 0 with an influenza virus infection. ‘CV contact’ was a household contact who was diagnosed with an influenza virus infection at some point after day 0, usually within a few days. ‘Neg contact’ was a household member who was never diagnosed with an influenza virus infection. The strain of influenza virus infection is noted (‘H1’ for H1N1 virus, ‘BA’ for apparent co‐infection with influenza B and influenza A viruses) as well as the study day that the sample was collected post‐enrolment. The day of collection is indicated relative to the day of index case entry into the study. ‘Flu NAb titre’ is the serum neutralizing antibody titre against influenza virus. Areas with dark background mark samples with vitamin A sufficiencies. Vitamin D values were scored as ‘1’ if vitamins were below detection in the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). +The numbers of cytokines, chemokines or growth factors per sample that scored more than twice the lowest detectable value in the series. When numbers were ≥10, they are shown in bold type. *†Two individuals were tested twice, once on day 0 and again approximately 1 month later. ‡Antibody isotype values (ng/ml) were from samples diluted 1 : 16 000, as per the manufacturer's instructions (Milliplex MAP human isotyping magnetic bead panel HGAMMAG‐301K); n/a = no available value. For statistical analyses, neutralization values of < 10 were given a score of 5; n.d. = not done or not applicable.