Table 3.

Multivariate association between RWI and previous wave variables

Previous year	Wave 2 AOR [95% CI]	Wave 3 AOR [95% CI]	Wave 4 AOR [95% CI]
RWI
No	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	5.58*** [4.00, 7.77]	5.94*** [3.99, 8.85]	5.15*** [3.57, 7.43]
Substance use
No	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	2.92*** [2.16, 3.95]	4.18*** [2.90, 6.01]	3.69*** [2.61, 5.21]
Heavy episodic drinking
No	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	4.16*** [2.76, 6.29]	4.50*** [3.14, 6.45]	3.29*** [2.26, 4.81]
Alcohol use
No	ref.	ref.	ref.
Yes	3.62*** [2.50, 5.26]	4.29*** [3.02, 6.09]	3.01*** [2.10, 4.33]
Father’s monitoring knowledge	0.85* [0.73, 0.98]	0.76*** [0.68, 0.85]	0.88† [0.76, 1.02]
Mother’s monitoring knowledge	0.58*** [0.44, 0.76]	0.79* [0.64, 0.97]	0.85 [0.67, 1.08]
Peer alcohol and substance use	1.74*** [1.38, 2.18]	1.78*** [1.42, 2.24]	1.77*** [1.48, 2.10]
Work status at Wave 4
Not working	–	–	ref.
Work part time < 30 hours	–	–	1.00 [0.66, 1.51]
Work full time ≥ 30 hours	–	–	0.98 [0.63, 1.51]
School status after at Wave 4
College/graduate school	–	–	ref.
Not attending school	–	–	1.12 [0.77, 1.62]
Tech./voc a./comm.	–	–	0.89 [0.59, 1.33]
Residence at Wave 4
At home	–	–	ref.
On campus	–	–	1.47* [1.07, 2.02]
On own place	–	–	1.30 [0.89, 1.89]

Notes: The model controlled for race/ethnicity and parental education. RWI = riding with an alcohol/drug-impaired driver; AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; ref. = reference; tech./voca./comm. = technological or vocational school or community college.

^†.05 <p ≤ .10;

^*p ≤ .05;

^***p ≤ .001.