Table 2.

Predicted probability of child alcohol use onset given the predictor variables and percentage of overall variance explained from the survival analyses

Variable	Model
	Model 1: Parental tobacco use	Model 2: Parental alcohol use	Model 3: Parental marijuana use	Model 4: Parental tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use	Model 5: Parental tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use with controls
Child alcohol use onset predicted by: Child’s gender (male = 1, female = 0)	2.10*	1.73*	1.92*	2.08*	1.741
Mothers’ tobacco use	1.88***	–	–	2.20***	2.13***
Fathers’ tobacco use	0.77	–	–	0.721	0.78
Mothers’ alcohol use	–	1.54*	–	1.61*	1.58*
Fathers’ alcohol use	–	1.02	–	1.14	1.27
Mothers’ marijuana use	–	–	1.32*	1.11	1.12
Fathers’ marijuana use	–	–	1.06	0.82	0.83
Fathers’ alcohol × marijuana use	–	–	–	1.52*	1.49*
Parents’ education	–	–	–	–	1.14
Child’s antisocial behavior	–	–	–	–	1.63*
% variance explained (R2)	15.5**	7.4	5.4t	27.0***	30.6***

Notes: All parental substance use predictor variables and control variables of child’s antisocial behavior and parental education were standardized across all children (i.e., means of 0 and variances of 1).

^†p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.