Table 1.
TGF-β ligands in helminth parasites.
| Species | Ligands | Properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ancylostoma caninum | Dbl-1 like, Daf-7 like (TGH-2) | Upregulated in arrested L3 larvae | [93], [95] |
| Brugia malayi | Bm-TGH-1, TGH-2 | TGH-2 ligated TGF-β reporter cell line | [80], [81] |
| Echinococcus multilocularis | Activin homolog | Induces Foxp3 | [86] |
| Fasciola hepatica | Fh-TLM and 2 other homologs | Fh-TLM promotes development | [99] |
| Haemonchus contortus | Hc-TGH-2 | Upregulated in L3 larvae | [82] |
| Heligmosomoides polygyrus | Hp-TGH-2 | Upregulated in adult worms and eggs | [82] |
| Nippostrongylus brasiliensis | Nb-TGH-2 | Upregulated in L3 larvae | [82] |
| Parastrongyloides trichosuri | Daf-7 like | Upregulated in L3 larvae | [94] |
| Schistosoma japonicum | SjBMP | Ovarian and tegumental expression | [135] |
| Schistosoma mansoni | SmInAct | Functions in embryogenesis | [84], [85] |
| Strongyloides ratti | Daf-7 like | Upregulated in L3 larvae | [94] |
| Strongyloides stercoralis | Sst-TGH-1 | [96] | |
| Teladorsagia circumcincta | Tci-TGH-1; TGH-2 | [96], [82] |