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Signaling pathways of cytokines in GnRH neurons. Il-1, TNFα inhibited GnRH secretion, and/or mRNA expression. LIF and CNTF stimulate GnRH secretion and/or mRNA expression. The dashed line representing this signaling pathway is not explored yet, solid line representing this signaling cascade has been proved in GnRH neurons, and inverted T represents inhibition; heavy black arrow represents stimulation
