Table 1: Risk Factors for CIED Infections.

Risk Factor	Odds Ratio (where available)	Reference
Patient Factors
Diabetes	3.2–3.5	37,38,40
Renal insufficiency	4.6–6.3	37,38,57
Systemic anticoagulation	2.6–3.4	13,38
Chronic corticosteroid use	9.1	13
History of malignancy	4.0	13
Underlying heart disease	3.1	40
Device Factors
Prior CIED infection	-	13
Abdominal generator	-	31
≥3 leads	4.0–5.4	13,40
Epicardial lead placement	-	30
Generator changes, device upgrades or other revision	1.7–3.1	33,37,38
Procedural Factors
Procedure time	-	33
Temporary pacing prior to implantation	2.5	10
Fever within 24 hours of implantation	5.8	10
Early re-interventions	15.0	10,33
Post-operative haematoma at pocket site	-	33
Physician experience	2.5	34