Effect of CD40L signaling deficiency on the generation of VACV-specific CD8+ T-cell population in i.n. infection. Splenocytes were prepared from WT, MHC II−/−, CD40L-blocked (α-CD40L) WT or α-CD40L MHC II−/−mice at d9 pi. Blockade of CD40L signaling was performed with a CD40L-blocking Ab, MR-1. (a) Representative FACS plots and frequencies of B8R-specific cells within CD8+ T cells in mice infected with 102 PFU of VACV. (b) Frequency of B8R-specific cells within CD8+ T cells in mice infected with 103 PFU of VACV. Data are representative of two independent experiments with three to four mice per group. *P<0.05; ***P<0.001. i.n., intranasally; ns, not significant; pi, post infection; VACV, vaccinia virus; WT, wild-type.