Table 2. Kinetics of immune responses elicited by YF-17D vaccination in human volunteers.

Immune response type			Day								Month	Year	References
			1	2	3	4–6	7	8–13	14–16	17–30
Innate immunity	NK	IFN-γ+					↑						41
		IL-4+					↓		↓	↓			41
		CD56+CD69+	+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+	+				40
		CD56+CD16+	+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+	+				40
	Monocyte	TNF-α+					↑		↑	↑			41,43,44
		IL-10+							↑	↑			41,43
	pDC						↑						34,38
Adaptive immunity	CD8+ T	IFN-γ+					+	+	↑↑↑	+	18		26,45,49, 50
	CD4+ T	IL-2+		+	+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+		5	34,54,55
		TNF-α+		+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+	+			34,54,55
		IFN-γ+		+	+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+			34,54,55
		IL-4+		+	+	+	+	+	↑↑↑	+			34,54,55
	nAbs	IgM					+	+	↑↑↑	+		4	74,75
		IgG					+	+	+	+		Up to 35	59,64,69
Viremia					+	+	↑↑↑	+	+				25,49

+, Detected; ↑, up-regulated; ↓, down-regulated; ↑↑↑, peak titer.

nAbs, neutralizing antibodies